四级写作(classversion).ppt

1、四级写作,主要内容,1. 大学英语四级考试写作要求 2. 四级考试的总体改动（计分体制的变动，考试内容的变动） 3. 四级写作评分原则及标准,.,4四级作文中的常见错误 词层面 句子层面 语篇层面 语法方面 标点用法 拼写错误 5怎样写好四级作文 如何开头 如何结尾 行文中间 6如何提高写作能力,1. 大学英语四级考试写作要求,常见的应用文体完成一般的写作任务 半小时内写出120词的短文 内容基本完整、用词恰当，语篇连贯,2. 四级考试的总体改动,3. 四级写作评分原则及标准,评分原则： 总体评分方法 内容、语言 避免趋中倾向,3.2. 评分标准,满分为15分. 共分五等：2-4分、5-7分、

2、8-10分、11-13分及14-15分。 2-4分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且多数严重错误。 5-7分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8-10分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11-13分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14-15分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。,4. 四级作文命题规律,4.1. 历年四级作文题目,1995.1 Can Money Buy Happiness? 1995.6 Advantages o

3、f a Job Interview 1996.1 The TwoDay Weekend 1996.6 Global Shortage of Fresh Water 1997.1 Practice Makes Perfect 1997.6 Getting to Know the World Outside Campus 1998.1 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1998.6 Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?,.,1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say “No” 1999.6 Reading S

4、electively or Extensively? 2000.1 How I Finance My College Education 2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? 2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview 2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate 2002.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus 2002.6 Students Use of Computers

5、 2003.1 It Pays to Be Honest 2003.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident,.,2003.9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured) 2003.12 A Letter in Reply to a Friend 2004.6 An Introduction for Tourists 2005.1 A campaign speech 2005. 6 In honor of Teachers On the Occasion of Teachers Day 200

6、5. 12 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 2006.6 An Announcement for a Voluntary Program,现象阐释型 : 2003年1月四级作文考题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outlin

7、e given below in Chinese. 1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象； 2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。,提纲作文（议论文）,.,问题对策型 1997年6月四级英语作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your c

8、omposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 大学生了解社会的必要性； 2. 了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）； 3. 我打算怎么做。,.,观点对比型 辨析两种对立观点 1995年1月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write no less than 100 words and you sho

9、uld base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil） 3.我的看法,.,论说反驳型 1998年6月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?

10、 You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运； 2. 我认为数字和运气无关，,.,议论文（共14题） 现象阐释型： 1995年6月，1996年1月， 1997年1月， 1998年1月，1999年1月, 2003年1月 问题对策型： 1996年6月，1997年6月，2000年1月，2001年1月， 观点对比型：1995年1月，1999年6月，2000年6月 论证反驳型：1998年

11、6月 图表作文（共1题） 柱状图：2002年6月 记叙文（共7题） 告知信/建议信：2001年6月，2004年1月 综合信：2002年1月 综合叙事：2003年6月，2003年9月 演讲致辞：2004年6月，2005年1月，2005年6月,4.3. 命题规律,1）新：对传统的三段论式作文提出挑战，新的题型层出不穷。特别是2003年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目，所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己的真正写作水平，以不变应万变。 2）综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能力的综合性题目所代替，如2003年9月份的考题，就要求考

12、生在第一段叙述你的classmate生病或受伤的过程，第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心，第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展自己的写作能力，不可偏废。 3）实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多，书信作文屡次出现，2004年6月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生实际运用英语能力的关注，也是四级作文备考训练的重点之一。,4.4. 四级作文可能会出现的题目,1）考试的命题作文大都是议论文结构，一般来说题目内容应该是考生所熟悉的，能够有话可说的，如那些社会热点问题就是经常出的题目。 2）但不是所有的热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题目还要和考试对象的文化背景，年龄特点相一致，所以有

13、关大学生生活，学习，理想等的题目经常出现。 3）作文题目会考虑到考生的语言水平，也就是说学生要求掌握的词汇和结构能否足够表达所考的题目。,.,科学技术：计算机，克隆，电视，小汽车等对社会和生活的影响 社会问题：住房，交通，就业，犯罪，婚姻，环境，能源和广告等 校园生活：学习方式，考试，课余活动，体育锻炼，人际交往和兴趣爱好等 青少年问题：父子代沟，抽烟吸毒，个人思想，职业选择，和成功失败等 文化教育：阅读，道德修养，出国留学，学生减负，教育与成长等,5. 四级作文中的常见错误,词层面 句子层面 语篇层面,historic, historical considerate, considerabl

14、e sensible, sensitive credible, credulous continual, continuous satisfied, satisfactory farther, further imaginary, imaginative, imaginable,Confusing words,Prove-read the following sentences,However, the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle. The cave like a room very much. In recent

15、one and two years, people who take TOEFL have decreased. I started to play table-tennis in middle school, still play it now. People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but it often proves useless. One serious problem human beings are faced with are how to use our natural res

16、ources economically. TV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life.,用词搭配不恰当 However, the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle. However, the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle. In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could n

17、ot afford it. In the past the price of milk was so high that most families could not afford it.,词层面,.,Nowadays, the traffic in big city is getting more and more crowded. Nowadays, the traffic in big city is getting heavier and heavier. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be smalle

18、r if one cannot speak English. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be poorer if one cannot speak English.,.,修饰语不当 He neither speaks English nor Chinese. He speaks neither English nor Chinese. Without television, people cannot get information which comes from other parts of the wor

19、ld immediately. Without television, people cannot immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.,把形容词和介词误作动词,This term well very busy. This term well be very busy. The cave like a room very much. The cave looked very much like a room. I very like this novel. I like this novel

20、 very much.,逻辑不清,In recent one and two years, people who take TOEFL have decreased. In recent one and two years, the number of people who take TOEFL test has decreased. In the past few years, grain has decreased by nearly 20%. In the past few years, the consumption of grain has decreased by nearly 2

21、0%.,At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons. When I was six years old, my father began to give me English lessons. Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has greatly improved. Since economic reforms have been carried out in our country, peop

22、les living standard has greatly improved.,少用或误用连词,I started to play table-tennis in middle school, still play it now. I started to play table-tennis in middle school, and I still play it now. TV becomes an important part in out daily life. Because we cannot live without it. TV becomes an important p

23、art in our daily life, because we cannot live without it.,.,指代不当 People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but it often proves useless. People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but this effort often proves useless. Television provides us with a vi

24、vid, colorful world, which enables us to enjoy life thoroughly. By providing us with a vivid, colorful world, television enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.,.,一致方面的错误 One serious problem human beings are faced with are how to use our natural resources economically. One serious problem human beings

25、are faced with is how to use our natural resources economically. Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season. Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.,.,词的误用 TV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life. TV commercials have a

26、 profound influence on our everyday life. First we should use our natural resources in an economic way. First we should use our natural resources in an economical way.,句子层面,中国式英语,Have money can do many things. 有钱可以做好多事情。 There are many people do morning exercise in the park. 有很多人在公园里面晨练。,His joke ma

27、de me laugh to death. I was quite amused by the joke he just told. Chinese people are devoting themselves to the physical exercise. Why? Because they think it is very important to their health. More and more people are spending part of their free time on physical exercise because they realize the im

28、portance of regular physical exercise.,.,The price of the dictionary is too expensive. The price of the dictionary is too high. Smoking cigars will do harm to our body. Smoking cigars will do harm to our health. Reading books can acquire knowledge. Through reading one can acquire knowledge.,.,悬垂修饰语

29、While reading the paper last night, an article on solar energy attracted my attention. While reading the paper, I became interested in an article on solar energy.,.,主谓不一致 集合名词 army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, government, group, party, population, public, staff

30、, team 如果指整体，则谓语动词用单数；如果指具体成员，则谓语动词用复数。 单数名词如果跟着along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than，谓语动词用单数。但用eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词需要与最近的那个主语保持一致。,Tom is one of the students who does not take applied mathematics. Tom is one of

31、the students who do not take applied mathematics.,.,赘言问题 In my opinion, I believe the free medical system needs a reform. In my opinion, the free medical system needs a reform. The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there. The reason why people

32、 choose to live in the country is that there is no pollution nor noise there. We must cooperate together to make our cities greener and cleaner. We must work together to make our cities greener and cleaner.,语篇层面 偏离主题 衔接不佳 缺少连贯性 语法方面 语态，比较级，非谓语形式，冠词用法，可数不可数名词，不定代词单复数，时态 标点用法 colon 书名号 顿号,6怎样写好四级作文,如何

33、开头,(1) 主题句法 The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. (2) 问题法 Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes? (3) 对比法 When asked ., most of college students say that. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career that w

34、ill help realize my potentials.,.,(4) 数据法 According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. (5) 引语法 As the proverb goes, “You are only young once.”(适用于记住的名言),Translate the following topic sentence,现在越来越多的人注意到身体健康的重要性。,.,There is a

35、n increasing awareness/popularity among people that.,如何结尾,1重复中心思想 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever. 2作出结论 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。In conclusion/to sum up, in conclusion, in bri

36、ef, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.,.,3应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文!，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent succes

37、s. Remember the famous saying. “God helps those who help themselves. 4用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why shouldnt we develop this ability as far as possible?,.,5提出展望或

38、期望 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world， the language is sure to be spread world widely.,.,From the discussion above, we may safely arrive at/come to/reach the conclusion that,行文中间,用词多样丰富 think vs. hold the view that/maintain that so vs. consequently because vs. resulting from, on account of the fact that and so on,(1) We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. (2) There are many trees along the streets. (3) There is a clean river in the city. (