科技英语论文写作(一)

1、科技英语论文写作,2008.3.,由于文化的差异和英语语言本身的特点，英语科技论文写作虽然在目的性上与用其它语言形式的科技论文写作是相同的，但是还有其自己的语言特征、文体要求和格式变化。,科技论文体例,因学科不同、研究项目、过程和结果不同，科技论文可以有多种写作方法和体例结构。从20世纪20年代开始，科技工作者从大量的论文中，总结出了其表达方式的共同规律，逐步形成了一种较为严密而又符合逻辑的惯用格式；从此，虽然各种论文所涉及的内容各不相同，论证的方法各有差异，实验的方法与手段相差很大，但是论文由哪些部分组成已有规范可循；其常见的构成格式有：标题、署名、作者单位(通常在第一页底端的黑线下还要简要

2、介绍作者的姓名、年龄、职称、学位等内容）、摘要、关键词、引言、正文，结论、致谢、脚注、参考文献和附录等。,标题,标题的作用： 让读者了解论文的研究领域，本文区别于其他研究的特征； 协助检索 一个令人满意的标题，既不要过于概括，以至流于空泛，一般化；也不宜过于繁琐，使人得不出鲜明印象，难于记忆和引证。 标题要避免使用笼统、空泛、冗长、模棱两可、夸张、华而不实以及与同类论文题目雷同的字眼。,标题_书写格式(1),1. 开头第一个字母大写，专有名词大写，其余全部小写。 Overview of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry reactors An experi

3、mental study on gravity blending silo with an inner downcomer Steam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels,标题_书写格式(2),开头及每个实词开头字母大写，5个字母的介词、连词第一个字母大写 Marco-kinetics of Vinyl Acetate Synthesis over a New Type Hollow Cylindrical Catalyst Petrochemical Coke Combustion and Catalytic Reaction Mechanism Research

4、on a New Kind of Diesel Flow Improver,标题_书写格式(3),全部字母大写 RUNAWAY PHENOMENON FOR PARALLEL REACTIONS IN FIXED BED CATALYTIC REACTORS STYDY ON THE ATTRITION OF IRON CATALYST IN SLURRY F-T SYNTHESIS PHASE EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN FLUOROTHENE AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS,标题_书写格式(4),第1、2种形式最常用，普遍用于各种刊物和文摘杂志 一般主张采用第1种形式，

5、可读性较强 第3种形式一般用于计算机检索系统，比较难读,标题_书写格式(5),一般标题多带有“ 研究”、“ 试验”“、初探”、“ 初报”、“效果”、“ 影响”等等。 e.g. Study of Study on Experiments of Experimental study of Effect of on An preliminary report of,标题_注意事项(1),1. 标题不宜太长，也不宜太短 标题太长易显繁琐，不易引起读者兴趣，太短则易流于笼统、空泛甚至模糊。 一般不超过20个词，控制在12个词左右为宜。 英美科技期刊要求题目不超过12个词或100个字符（包括间隔在内）。,

6、标题_注意事项(2),Solubility Studies (太笼统） Solubility of Fluorothene （模糊） A Study of the Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Some Solvents Such as Dibuty/Phthalate And Chlorotrifluoroethylene at Elevated Temperature (冗长、繁琐） Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Organic Solvents （简明、具体）,标题_注意事项(3),如

7、果一个短标题不足以概括文章的内容，可考虑增加副标题，两者之间用冒号分开。 如果是系列文章，可采用多报形式。e.g. Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia synthesis catalyst. I. Determination of shape factor Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia synthesis catalyst. II. Experimental measurement of fix-bed heat-transfer parameters,标题_注意事项(

8、4),2 .一般采用名词短语作标题。不使用一个句子或不定式短语，一般也不使用介词短语，不出现从句。 An exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （繁琐） Introduce the exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （祈使句） Methods of producing of industrial cupric sulfate 有些情况下，也有用on引出的介词短语

9、，表示“ 论（关于）”的意思,标题_注意事项(5),3. 标题必须包括主要的关键词。 标题的主要目的有二：一是吸引可能的读者，二是协助检索。因此一定要包含一些关键词，标题应该尽可能多的提供计算机题目检索所需要的信息。 4. 选用文章内容所允许的、尽可能准确的术语。 例如:使用“a vanadium-iron alloy”, 而不是“a magnetic alloy”。,标题_注意事项(6),5. 标题中开头的冠词可以省去 (The) application of microprocessors on processing of chemical heat-treatment 6. 标题中所有的

10、术语都应该拼写，而不要用俗语、符号、公式、略语以及缩写词，在可能的情况下，能够用词汇，就不要用带有上标、下标或其他符号的表达式。不要引用公司的名称、特定的商标，或者化学品、药物、材料及仪器的品牌。,标题_注意事项(7),7. 避免使用下列写法（19世纪或更早的标题中常出现）： Some Thoughts on A Few Observations on Some Studies on ,标题_注意事项(8),正式发表的论文中，编辑会在标题右上方打一个*，然后在本页的脚注（footnote）中注明论文收到时间及修改后寄达时间。我国杂志中还包括联系人、第一作者简介，某某基金资助等等信息。 Manu

11、script received Mar. 11, 2002; revised Nov. 22, 2002 To whom correspondence should be address. Corresponding author. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,署名,作者姓名 作者的姓名要用全称（full name） 外国人的姓名分三部分： 教名Christian name, first name, given name, forename 中间名middle name 姓surname, fami

12、ly name, last name 中国人的姓名应根据中国人的习惯，按汉语的顺序以汉语拼音写出 Transfer Characteristics in Mechanically Stirred Airlift Loop Reactors with or Without Static Mixers L Xiaoping, Wang Yanru,署名,在多名作者时，名字以逗号分开，最后两位作者的名字以and相连。 Li Gang, Liu Ming, Zhang Yiqi and Wang Xinyi 若名字是三个字，后两个可以用缩写形式给出。,作者单位,论文作者的工作单位（institutio

13、n） 作者的工作单位一般直接标在作者的姓名下。如果作者分属不同的单位，应注明: Cao Yiwei1, Chai Xiaodan1, Desce M.B.2 and Lehn J. M.2 1 Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China, 110000 2 Chimie des Interactions molecularies, College de France, Paris, France,摘要,摘要的英文术语及概念 摘要的英文术语原来有两个词汇，一个是abstract，一个是summary。 “过去

14、时”： summary一次文献的文摘（作者自写的提要），专门介绍论文的实质性内容。 abstract二次文摘（他人为文献编写的浓缩格式），介绍论文的大致内容。,摘要,现在的趋势是一篇论文或专著的摘要，无论是自写还是他写，统称为abstract，尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract这个术语，在论文的题目下也一律用这个词。summary现在更多的是用于对文章主要内容作再一次扼要的陈述，放在文章的结尾，目的是为已经读过正文的读者归纳出方向性结论，因此也可称为小结。,摘要,Abstract 中文有二种说法: 文摘独立存在，单独出版，如SCI、EI、CA等 摘要与原文在一起 共同点：从原文中抽出

15、主题内容，以简练的文字写写成，只是准确、扼要地表述原文内容，不加以解释或评论。 以下统称为摘要,摘要_类型,按对原文的压缩程度，摘要一般分为三类： 指示性或说明性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract） 资料性或报道性摘要（informative abstract） 报道指示性摘要（informative- indicative abstract） 按摘要内容，大致分为三类： 论著摘要 综述摘要 专利摘要,摘要_摘要的长短,摘要一般不宜过长，多在100150词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的15。美国有些高校规定，硕士论文提要以250词为宜，博士论文以350

16、词为宜。 华东理工大学规定：硕士学位论文摘要250 词，博士学位论文摘要500词。,摘要_应具备的要素,简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要材料或辅助细节。 客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中没有的信息资料。 全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想，主要资料，结论或建议。,摘要_指示性摘要,指示性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract），也称说明性摘要，只向读者指出文献的主要内容是什么，主要概括论文的涉及范围、研究方向和研究目的，以便读者决定是否有必要阅读全文。因此，说明性摘要的篇幅较短，一般词数在50词以内

17、。 这类摘要主是泛泛叙述，不涉及实质问题，所以一般在科研论文中不予使用，只刊登在文献索引这类期刊中，也可用于讨论性文章、综述性文章、图书或某些会议论文集。,摘要_指示性摘要,This paper presents an analysis of principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusion conce

18、rning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made. Cooling water requirements in the petroleum refining, oil shale retorting, coal liquefaction, and coal gasification industries are described.,摘要_资料性摘要,资料性摘要（informative abstract）是原文内容要点的总结，尽量多而完整地报道原文献中的具体内容，涉及论文的主题范围、研究

19、对象（装置、流程、工艺、材料等）及原理、所使用的研究手段和方法、主要研究结果和结论、以及建议等方面的内容，并列出主要数据、公式、图表。反映论文的基本面貌，一般情况下能够代替阅读论文全文。 这类摘要适用于研究或试验报告、研究论文及专题论文。此类文摘篇幅稍长，一般为100250词，多者可达500词1000词。,摘要_资料性摘要,Selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air were studied over a commercial, fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide cat

20、alyst. The temperature range was 573-653 K with butane concentrations up to 3 mol % in the feed, which is within flammability limits but below ignition temperatures. The rate data were modeled using power low kinetics with product inhibition and included total oxidation and decomposition reactions.

21、Kinetic parameters were estimated using a multiresponse, nonlinear regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects. The kinetics were combined with independent measurements of catalyst diffusivity and reactor heat transfer using a one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model. Model predictions

22、and observed temperatures and concentrations from non-isothermal pilot plants compared up to 115 days on stream. Agreement was acceptable with inlet butane concentrations up to 2.7 mol %. For example, runaway was predicted at a temperature 3 K higher than observed. Effectiveness factors around the h

23、ot spot were estimated at o.6 with catalyst surface temperature 2-3 K higher than average gas temperature.,摘要_报道指示性摘要,对文献中的基本内容作较为详尽的报道性介绍，对其它部分则作指示性的表述。 以最短的篇幅传递最大信息量。,摘要_报道指示性摘要,Baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic fluidized bed reactor were examined experimentally. The circulating flu

24、idized bed reactor or riser was 102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height. Reaction was the catalytic decomposition of ozone using FCC particles with a mean diameter of 89 um, impregnated with ferric oxide as catalyst. Four ring-type baffles, mounted horizontally around the riser wall, were used in th

25、is study. Ozone concentrations were measured in both axial and radial directions under various operating conditions in a riser with baffles, the ozone concentration in the radial direction was more uniform and the ozone conversion was higher than that in a riser without baffles except at the lowest

26、gas velocity used. A mathematical model developed accounted for the gas-phase ozone conversion under various operating conditions. The gas-solid contact efficiency in the riser was discussed in light of the model.,摘要_论著摘要,论著摘要包括期刊论文、会议论文、技术报告、学位论文、专著等的摘要，内容通常有四个方面： 研究的目的和范围 研究的方法 研究的结果 作者对研究的主要结论,摘要

27、_论著摘要,A major difficulty affecting the control of product quality in industrial polymerization reactors is the lack of suitable on-line polymer property measurements. In this article a scheme is developed to predict melt index and density in a fluidized-bed ethylene copolymerization reactor. Theoret

28、ically-based models are derived to predict quality variables from the available on-line temperature and gas composition measurements. Adjustable parameters in these models are updated on-line using infrequent laboratory measurements and a recursive parameter estimation technique. The application of

29、this methodology is illustrated using operating data from an industrial reactor. It is shown that both melt index and density can be successfully predicted. Knowledge of product property derivations from desired targets is required so that manufacturers can take corrective actions to reduce the quan

30、tity of off-grade material made and produce a consistent product.,摘要_综述摘要,综述通常有专题评述、政策评述和书评等。 例如，专题评述是综合有代表性的材料，对某一专题的方向、特点、效果、研究手段和有关方法的优缺点等予以综合比较，提出作者的看法。,摘要_专利摘要,专利摘要是专利说明书的提要，是专利文献的重要检索工具。 介绍技术发明的要点与专利持有人的专利权范围。 专利摘要属于专利文献之一。 专利摘要不仅具有科技摘要的一般语言特点，而且具有法律文件的语言特点。例如多用长句，许多专利摘要仅有一、二句，常用wherein, where

31、by, therein, thereof等词语连接。,摘要_专利摘要,A continuous process of producing sodium carbonate peroxide for use in laundry compositions by introducing separate streams of 50-70% hydrogen peroxide and saturated sodium carbonate solution into a crystallization zone at a pH of 11.5 at about 30 for about 8 hours

32、. The reactants are added in essentially 3.2 molar proportions. Before use, sodium carbonate is freed of iron and heavy metal contaminants by treatment with magnesium oxide. The reaction is carried out at in the presence of magnesium silicate stabilizer. After separating the product by centrifugatio

33、n, the mother liquor is concentrated by removal of water by evaporation under vacuum. Fresh charge materials are added to maintain a steady state system.,摘要_结构形式（紧扣题旨）,紧扣题旨 围绕标题，深化要旨，每一句话都重复标题中的一、二个关键词。 Corrosion of copper by soft water with different content of humic substances and various temperat

34、ures An investigation on corrosion of copper in soft water has shown that the corrosion rate increases with increasing amount of humic substances and with increased additions of CO2. In hot water, the corrosion rate increases with increasing temperature to a maximum. In water without humic substance

35、s, the corrosion maximum is at about 50 and seem to shift towards higher temperatures in water with humic substances. The decreases in corrosion rate at higher temperature may be due to the formation of copper oxide on the metal surface.,摘要_结构形式（横向展开）,横向展开 从横向不同角度来阐明主题，多层次、多线索的叙述 Heat recovery from

36、gas and liquid in different temperature ranges (1) There are many ways of saving energy in industrial process. (2) Mentioning several of industry as examples, the author shows how utilization of energy in industrial processes can be improved by heat recovery and the use of waste heat. (3) Cost aspec

37、ts and profitability are outlined. (4) Measures designed to utilize the heat content of vapours as produced in the processing of foodstuffs are described. (5) The author further outlines and evaluated possibilities for process improvements and production increase in a light alloy melting furnace.,摘要

38、_结构形式（总起分述）,总起分述 文摘的前一、二句说明论题的背景、条件、作用、意义等，接下来分门别类，呈平行的层次叙述。 Study of extraction techniques for heavy metals in the evaluation of aquatic sediments The principle of assessing the usefulness of chemical extraction techniques are discussed. A suitable general procedure is as follows, on the assumption

39、 that the geology of aquatic sediments in polluted and less polluted areas is similar. (1) Extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in polluted area by a method recommended by the Environment Agency, Japan. (2) Extract soluble heavy metals from sediment samples of step 1 with a proposed tech

40、nique. (3) Calculate the 50% non-excess probability from the difference of analytical results of step 1 and 2. (4) Extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in a less polluted area by the method of step 1. Calculate the range of distribution of heavy metal concentrations.,摘要_结构形式（上下勾连）,上下勾连 与

41、论文段落相似，句子之间逻辑关系紧密。 Use of blast furnace gas at temperature below 0 (1) In terms of quality, blast furnace top gas is classified as lean gas. (2) Lean gases have a low heating value and are of low grade owing to the high nitrogen content. (3)Their unstable ignition characteristics deteriorate if during winter the gas drops to temperatures below zero during con