《中国煤炭发展》PPT课件.ppt

1、,Dirty？Money！,COAL,By 马 瑞 郭 颖 郭德杰 伍玉娃,供 应 商,煤 炭,Such arguments are the basis of a new PR campaign launched by Peabody, the worlds largest private coal company (which unlike some rivals is profitable, thanks to its low-cost Australian mines). And coal would indeed be a boon, were it not for one small

2、 problem: it is devastatingly dirty. Mining, transport, storage and burning are fraught with mess, as well as danger. Deep mines put workers in intolerably filthy and dangerous conditions. But opencast mining, now the source of much of the worlds coal, rips away topsoil and gobbles water. Transporti

3、ng coal brings a host of environmental problems,上述说法是Peabody公司最近推出的公关宣传的基调，Peabody是全球最大的私营煤炭公司（与很多竞争对手不同，Peabody公司是有盈利的，这要归功于它在澳大利亚的低成本煤矿）。煤炭确实能算一种优惠品，如果它没有这个小问题的话：它实在是太脏了。煤炭的开采、运输、储藏和燃烧都肮脏不堪而且危机四布。深煤矿让工人置身于一个无法忍受的肮脏和危险的环境中。而露天开采，如今世界上很多煤炭就是这么来的，撕裂了表层土壤也让水源急剧流失。煤炭的运输也带来了一堆环境问题。,供 应 商,煤 炭,The increas

4、ed emissions of carbon dioxide from soaring coal consumption threaten to fry the planet, as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reminded everyone in a new report this week (see article). The CO2 makes the oceans acid; burning coal also produces sculpture dioxide, which makes buildings crum

5、ble and lungs sting, and other toxic chemicals. By some counts, coal-fired power stations emit more radioactivity than nuclear ones. They release tiny, lethal particulates. Per unit generated, coal-fired stations cause far more deaths than nuclear ones, and more even than oil-fired ones,本周政府间应对气候变化平

6、台发布了一份报告，提醒所有人说，由飙升的煤炭消耗量导致的持续增加的二氧化碳排放有将地球放入油锅的危险。二氧化碳导致海水变酸，燃煤还会产生二氧化硫和其他有毒化学物，二氧化硫会造成建筑物倒塌和肺部刺痛。有测量显示，燃煤电厂排放的放射性物质比核电站还要多。这些电厂会释放微小、致命的颗粒物。平均到单位发电量上，燃煤电厂造成的死亡人数要远超核电站，甚至也超过了燃油电厂,But poverty kills people too, and slow growth can cost politicians their jobs. Two decades of environmental worries are

7、 proving only a marginal constraint on the global coal industry. Some are trying to get out: in America Consol Energy is selling five mines in West Virginia to concentrate on shale gas. Big coal-burners such as American Electric Power and Duke Energy are shutting coal-fired plants. Yet despite Ameri

8、cas shale-gas boom, the federal Energy Information Administration reckons that by 2040 the country will still be generating 22% of its electricity from coal (compared with 26% now). The International Energy Agency has even predicted that, barring policy changes, coal may rival oil in importance by 2

9、017. As countries get richer they tend to look for alternativesChina is scrambling to curb its rising consumption. But others, such as India and Africa, are set to take up the slack (see chart),但是贫穷也是会杀人的，缓慢的增长会让政治家丢掉饭碗。对环境问题的20年的担忧只给煤炭行业带来了些微的限制。有些企业正试图离开这个行业：America Consol Energy正在出售位于西弗吉尼亚的五座煤矿以集

10、中精力发展页岩气。燃煤大户如American Electric Power 和Duke Energy正在关闭燃煤电厂。然而虽然美国的页岩气正在蓬勃发展，联邦能源信息署测算说，2040年时美国将有22%的发电量仍需要通过燃煤完成（如今这一比例是26%）.国际能源署甚至预测说，排除政治变化，在2017年煤炭的重要性将要超过石油。国家富有之后会倾向于寻找煤炭的替代品中国正努力扼制它增长中的煤炭消耗。而其他国家如印度和非洲国家，则准备继续宽松,Americas gas boom has prompted its coal miners to seek new export markets, sendi

11、ng prices plunging on world markets. So long as consumers do not pay for coals horrible side-effects, that makes it irresistibly cheap. In Germany power from coal now costs half the price of watts from a gas-fired power station. It is a paradox that coal is booming in a country that in other respect

12、s is the greenest in Europe. Its production of power from cheap, dirty brown coal (lignite) is now at 162 billion kilowatt hours, the highest since the days of the decrepit East Germany.,在美国页岩气的繁荣促使了煤炭开采企业寻找新的出口市场，这导致了国际市场煤炭价格大跌。只要消费者不为煤炭的恐怖副作用买单，那么煤价的低迷就不可抑制。在德国，燃煤发电的每单位电力成本是燃油发电的一半。德国是在其它领域是欧洲最环保的

13、国家，可它的煤炭使用量却在激增，这实在是很矛盾。如今德国使用廉价、肮脏的棕色煤（褐煤）发出的电量已经达到了1620亿千瓦时，这是自东德结束以来最高的水平。,供 应 商,世 界,煤 炭,International coal companies face two worries. One is that governments may eventually impose punitive levies, tariffs and restrictions on their mucky product. The other is the global glut. Prices for thermal

14、coal (the kind used for power and heating) are at $80-85 a tone, which barely covers the cost of capital. Some Australian producers are even mining at a loss, having signed freight contracts with railways and ports that make them pay for capacity whether they use it or not,国际煤炭企业有着两个担忧。一是政府最终可能向煤炭这脏

15、乎乎的产品增收惩罚性的税收、关税或者设置其他限制。另一个是国际性的供过于求。如今热煤（用于发电和取暖的煤）的价格是每吨80-85美元，几乎收不回资金成本。有些澳大利亚的生产商甚至在赔钱开采，他们与铁路和港口签署了运输协议，不管有没有货运输都要付钱。,Some companies have tried to switch efforts to “met” (metallurgical) coal, which fuels smelters. This was thought to be scarcer and more profitable. But that theory has suffer

16、ed. Supplies of met coal have proved more abundant than expected,一些企业尝试着把精力花在用于冶金的“金属煤”上。以前认为这种煤相对稀缺、利润更好。但这一说法受挫了。冶金用煤的供应量经证实比预期的要多得多,Perhaps the biggest hope for all involved in the coal industry is technology. Mining and transporting coal will always be messy, but this could be overlooked were it

17、 burned cheaply and cleanly. Promising technologies abound: pulverizing coal, extracting gas from it, scrubbing emissions and capturing the CO2. But none of these seems scalable in the way needed to dent the colossal damage done by coal. And all require large subsidiesfrom consumers, shareholders or

18、 taxpayers,煤炭行业相关各方最大的指望可能还在于技术进步。煤炭的开采和运输总归是没法干净的，但只要它能更划算更清洁地燃烧，这点污秽也就可以忽视了。很多技术是大有前景的，比如燃煤粉碎技术、燃气提取技术、排放净化技术和二氧化碳捕捉技术。但在减少由煤炭造成的巨大危害上，这些技术又不值得去升级。而且这些技术都需要巨额的补贴，这些补贴要么来自消费者，要么来自股东，要么就来自纳税人,供 应 商,世 界,实 力,煤 炭,A $5.2 billion taxpayer-supported clean-coal plant in Mississippi incorporates all the latest technology. But at $6,800 per kilowatt, it will