Translation Shift(新).ppt

1、Translation Shift,Members of the group: 朱秀文 侯蒙蒙 张小薇 孙力 付德翠,Translation Shift-Outline,Introduction and Conclusion-Zhu Xiuwen,Relation between Equivalence and Shift-Hou Mengmeng,Translation Shifts at Marco Level-Zhang Xiaowei,Translation Shifts at Micro Level-Sun Wei,Obligatory and Non-obligatory Tran

2、slation Shift-Fu Decui,Translation Shift-Introduction,Translation shift, as an inevitable phenomenon in translation activities, has been paid much attention to and studied by translation scholars for a quite long time since the 1950s.,Translation Shift- Representative figures,Vinay Darbelnet,(a) A c

3、lassical model “taxonomy” in Stylistique compare du francais et de langlais(1958/95);,(b) Discussing and describing but not giving a definition of translation shift,(c)Translation strategies : direct translation, oblique translation,Translation Shift- Representative figures,Catford,(a) the introduct

4、ion of the term “shift” of translation (A Linguistic Theory of Translation),(b) Definition of translation shift: small linguistic changes occurring in translation of ST to TT.,(c) Two kinds of shift proposed by Catford :Shift of Level and Shift of Category,Translation Shift- Representative figures,C

5、zech Scholars,Levy(列维 ): Die literarische Ubersetzung: Theorie einer kunstgattung (1969),Popovic(波波维奇): Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation(1976),Miko (米科):stylistic and aesthetic parameters of language,Translation Shift- Representative figures,Van Leuven-Zwart,comparativedescriptive

6、 model: translation shifts at micro and macro level,comparative model,descriptive model,Translation Shift-对等与转移理论的关系,定义比较,起源背景,重视程度,理论交叉,Translation Shift-定义比较,Vinay and Darbelnet (as cited in Munday, 2001, p. 58) stated that “equivalence refers to cases where languages describe the same situation b

7、y different stylistic or structural means”. Gentzler wrote Popovics opinion about shift . All that appears as new with respect to the original or fails to appear where it might have been expected may be interpreted as a shift. When the form in Source Language, has a new form or different form from t

8、he Target Language, it is called shifts.,Translation Shift-背景,自上个世纪50年代以来,都受快速发展的语言学影响。 西方翻译学界兴起了以语言学为导向的翻译研究方法, 奈达的对等翻译理论、对“翻译转移”的研究都强调对原文与译文的关系进行科学、精密和细致的描写。,索绪尔结构主义语言学,乔姆斯基的转换生成语法（1）,Translation Shift-在中国学术界的重视程度,奈达翻译对等理论与卡特福德翻译转移理论是在改革开放初期几乎同时引进中国的。但两者在中国的遭遇却很不一样。,奈达一时红的发紫,成了中国翻译界家喻户晓的名字。 卡特福德转移

9、理论被贬为“味同嚼蜡”（2）,Translation Shift-转移与对等译论的交叉,卡特福德：背离形式对应即为转移,利维：转移对风格对等的影响,图里：非必要转移,Translation Shift-转移与对等译论的交叉,卡特福德：背离形式对应即为转移,“文本对等”是卡特福德对等类型中的一种,指“任意一目标语文本或部分文本在特定的场合下被认为是一特定的源语文本或部分文本的对等成分”。,“形式对应”是指一个目标语的范畴“在目标语的机体里尽可能具有与该源语范畴在源语中的 相同的地位”。当形式对应成为不可能时，卡特福德建议力争文本等值，这可以通过翻译中的转移实现。,翻译中的转移就是指“从源语进入目

10、标语的过程中对形式对应的背离”,Translation Shift-转移与对等译论的交叉,利维：转移对风格对等的影响,他们的研究对象为翻译转移在文学翻译作品中的体现,以及这些转移对译文美学和文体风格的影响。文学翻译是一种再现和创造性质的工作,目的是使译文达到与原文对等的美学效果。,Translation Shift-转移与对等译论的交叉,图里：非必要转移,非必要转移”则是指那些在翻译过程中可有可无的转移,它是译者在翻译中所作决策的体现。,文本中常出现的非必要转移主要有两种: 一是用目标语中短语来代替源语中的词素。这种做法相当于把原文的信息在译文中重新分布,根据语境的不同,它可能造成“冗余”或“

11、信息加强”的效果;二是译文中常有“文体提升”现象,即:较原文而言,译文文本无论在语言还是在风格上都趋于比原文典雅、庄重。,非必要转移造成了不完全对等。,Translation Shift-Classification,1,Translation Shifts at Micro Level,2,Translation Shifts at Macro Level,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Translation Shifts at Macro Level,1,1. Introduction of Translation Shifts at Macro Leve

12、l 2. Reasons for Perceiving Translation Shift from Macro Level 3. Differences between Translation Shifts at Micro and Macro Level 4. Subdivision of Translation Shift at Macro Level,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,In the present study, macro-level translation shifts are analyzed from semantic, pragma

13、tic, rhetorical, stylistic and textual perspectives.,linguistic interference,cultural difference,translators preference,Translation Shifts at Marco Level involve,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Reasons for Perceiving Translation Shift from Macro Level,Comparison between texts not only at the micro l

14、anguage structure level, but also at the macro level, such as style, coherence and cohesion, type of text;,2,1,Materials under comparison are all selected from reality, extending from literature translation works to non-literature translation works.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Reasons for Percei

15、ving Translation Shift from Macro Level,Translation shift is further divided into “obligatory shift” and “optional shift”.,4,3,Comparison methods turn to be more diverse.,To sum up, studies on translation shift should not be limited to micro language level. Rather, they should also cover macro langu

16、age level.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Differences between Translation Shifts at Micro and Macro Level,The differences mainly lie in the direction of analysis according to Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassnawi (2001).,Micro,Macro,within the dimension of sentence,within the domain of the text,Translation Shif

17、tat Macro Level,Semantic Shift,Textual Shift,Pragmatic Shift,Rhetoric Shift,Stylistic Shift,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Semantic Shift,As for semantic aspects, the study mainly examines the changes in meaning of the vocabulary. To be specific, semantic shifts occur in the translations when a wor

18、ds meaning changed in the TT, for example, the connotation and denotation of the terms change or there exists enrichment or impoverishment of the components of the terms.,There may be two contrasting circumstances under which a semantic shift may happen.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Semantic Shif

19、t,Words chosen by a translator may turn out to be improper in the specific context, and the meaning of the corresponding word in the source text is prejudiced to a significant extent. Semantic shift may be required by the specific context, in which the translator has to choose a word different in me

20、aning to replace the corresponding word in the source text, or allowed by the specific context, in which the deviation from the meaning of the corresponding word in the source text does not cause significant reduction of meaning.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Semantic Shift,1.In Chinese every accu

21、sation has the Chinese character 罪, while in English crime is rarely seen, such as sexual offences性犯罪which includes rape强奸罪, bigamy重婚罪, indecency猥亵罪,2.ST:现在的问题是抓“落实”，以确保已出台的政策措施全部到位。 TT: To ensure full implementation of the policies and measures already introduced, the question now is how to bring t

22、hem into effect.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Semantic Shift,3.ST:随着经济的发展，必须逐步提高“两个比重”。同时要努 力节约开支，把“开源”和“节流”结合起来。 TT: With the growth of economy, it is imperative to gradually raise the share of financial revenue in the gross national product and the share of central revenue in national financial

23、 revenue to economize on spending by “increasing revenue and saving expenditure.”,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Semantic Shift,4.ST:“十一五”期间，中国将促进旅游产业体系建设，全面提升旅游产业素质。 TT: In the run of the eleventh Five-year Plan, China will push forward the development of the tourism industry system and improve th

24、e comprehensive tourism quality. ST:徐霞客是中国明代伟大的地理学家、探险旅行家和游记文学家。 TT: Xu Xiake, acknowledged as the “Marco Polo” in the East, was the great geographer, explorer and writer in the Ming Dynasty of China.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Semantic Shift,4.ST:“十一五”期间，中国将促进旅游产业体系建设，全面提升旅游产业素质。 TT: In the ru

25、n of the eleventh Five-year Plan, China will push forward the development of the tourism industry system and improve the comprehensive tourism quality. ST:徐霞客是中国明代伟大的地理学家、探险旅行家和游记文学家。 TT: Xu Xiake, acknowledged as the “Marco Polo” in the East, was the great geographer, explorer and writer in the Min

26、g Dynasty of China.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Semantic Shift,5.ST: Conflict abroad, social change at home TT:海外的冲突与国内的变革 6.ST: To the American public of 1914, the outbreak of war in Europe came as a shock. At first, the conflict seemed remote, but its economic and political effects were soon f

27、elt. TT:一九一四年欧战的爆发震惊了美国公众。起初，战鼓之声似尚遥远，但不久他们就感觉到战事对美国经济和政治的影响。,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Textual Shift,“This analysis will be carried out in terms of the textual well-formedness which entails such variables as collocation, reiteration, ellipsis, references, substitution and the like. A text sho

28、uld exhibit two kinds of structural and cohesive relations: local and global” (Hendricks, 1976:41). The second kind includes the relations which cannot be accounted for “without reference to inter-sentence features and to portions of the text beyond the sentence under consideration” (Enkvist, 1973:1

29、11),Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Textual Shift,1.ST: Though the new continent was remarkably endowed by nature TT: 新大陆虽然得天独厚，资源丰富,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Textual Shift,2.ST:会议回顾了第六轮六方会谈第一阶段会议以来的工作和进展，对各方为推进六方会谈进程所作出建设性努力表示满意，对各方就增进相互信任和改善相互关系进行富有成效的双边磋商和协调表示欢迎。 TT: The Parties reviewed th

30、e work and progress since the First Session of the Sixth Round of the Six-Party Talks, expressed satisfaction with the constructive efforts made by all parties to advance the Six-Party Talks process, and welcomed that productive bilateral consultations and coordination were conducted to enhance thei

31、r mutual trust and improve relations with each other.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Pragmatic Shift,Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding (Levinson, 1984). Apart from expressing the literal sense of SL completel

32、y and correctly, TL needs to accurately convey the pragmatic sense and pragmatic functions of SL.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Pragmatic Shift,ST: 坚持“百花齐放，百家争鸣”的方针。 TT: We must adhere to the principle of letting one hundred flowers bloom and hundred schools of thought contend. ST: 积极推进城镇住房商品化，加快“

33、安居工程”建设。 TT: We must actively commercialize housing in cities and towns and and accelerate the construction of adequate housing project.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Pragmatic Shift,ST:股票采用纸面形式或者国务院证券管理部门规定的其他形式。 TT: Share certificates may be in paper form or in such other forms as stipulated by

34、the department of security administration under the State Council.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Rhetoric Shift,Aristotle defines rhetoric as the ability to see what is possibly persuasive in every given case. Rhetoric shift occurs when differences in other phases of irony, allegory, metaphor, sim

35、ile, metonym, etc., the reason behind these differences is self-evident: these phases are associated with peoples conceptual experiences and ideologies.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Rhetoric Shift,1.ST: 简的叔叔是个老狐狸，什么坏事都干得出来 TT: Janes uncle is a cunning person, up to all kinds of evils. 2.ST:你有病啊！为

36、什么人家说什么你都信呢？ TT: You must have rocks in your head! Why should you believe whatever is said？,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Rhetoric Shift,3.ST: 买卖双方经协商同意按下列条款成交。 TT: The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions set forth as b

37、elow.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Stylistic Shift,According to Fowler (1966:15) style is a property of all texts. Due to the fact that different cultural systems have different conventions, stylistic shifts arise when two languages are involved in terms of the function of these conventions and t

38、heir formal carriers, thats their linguistic realizations. Therefore, it goes without saying that stylistic shifts are concerned with the relation between form and content.,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Stylistic Shift,1.ST: Heaven and earth never agreed better to frame a place for mans habitation

39、 TT: 天时地利，已造成一个最好的地方，给人居住。 2.ST: I couldnt agree more. TT: 我完全同意。,Translation Shiftat Macro Level,Stylistic Shift,In business contract, stylistic shift is often employed. e.g. ST:定义和释义 TT: DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,Catford(1965) spent a whole chapter in his A Lin

40、guistic Theory of Translation on talking about the subject of Translation Shifts. Actually, he followed Firthian and Hallidayan linguistic model and thought that language functions as communication and at different levels and different ranks.,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,As far as translation is

41、concerned, Catford makes an distinction between formal correspondence and textual equivalence. Formal correspondence: any TL category (unit, class, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the “same” place in the “economy” of the TL as the given ST category occ

42、upies in the ST.( Catford 1965:27) Textual equivalence: any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasionto be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text .( Catford 1965:27),Translation Shiftat Micro Level,Textual equivalence is thus tied to a particular ST-TT pair,

43、 while formal equivalence is a more general system-based concept between a pair of languages. When the two concepts diverge, a translation shift is deemed to have occurred. In Catfords own words(2000:141), translation shifts are thus “departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from

44、 the ST to the TT.” Based on his assumption, translation shifts at micro level can be divided into the following five kinds:,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,Level Shifts,1,2,Unit Shifts,3,Structural Shifts,4,Class Shifts,5,System shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,Level Shifts,1,Level shifts wou

45、ld be something which by grammar in one language and lexis in another(Catford, 2000). If the gap between two languages are big enough, this kind of shifts will often occur.,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,Level Shifts,1,1.ST：有下列情形之一的，不追究刑事责任，已经追究的，应当撤销案件，或者不起诉，或者终止审理，或者宣判无罪（浅析立法文本英文译本中的翻译转移英文） TT: I

46、n any of the following circumstances, no criminal responsibility shall be investigated; if investigation has already been undertaken, the case shall be dismissed, or prosecution shall not be initiated, or the handling shall be terminated, or innocence shall be declared.,Translation Shiftat Micro Lev

47、el,Level Shifts,1,2. ST: By 2010, China will be the first developing country to host a World Exposition. TT: 到2010年，中国将成为第一个举办世博会的发展中国家。 3. ST: By 2010, China have been the first developing country to host a World Exposition. TT: 到2010年，中国已成为第一个举办世博会的发展中国家。,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,As defined

48、 by Catford, unit shifts are also called rank shifts, which indicates translation equivalent in the TL is at a different rank to the SL. Rank refers to the hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme. There are quite a few unit shifts in C-E and E-C translation, given

49、 the flexibility in the translation.,2,Unit Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,1.ST: 变更内容涉及法定工商登记项目、税务登记项目的，应当向工商行政管理机关，税务机关办理变更登记手续。 （立法文本中的翻译转移现象分析） TT: If the modifications include items involving statutory and commerce registration or tax registration, they shall register the modifications w

50、ith the administrative authorities for industry and commerce and with the tax authorities.,2,Unit Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,2. ST: She liked doing it, after the confinement of the sick chamber, where she was not now required by reason of her mothers improvement.( Thomas Hardy: Tess of t

51、he D Urbervilles) TT: 她母亲已经见好了，不用她时刻在病床前伺候了，她在病房里和病人缠了这么些天，一旦跑到外面地里，当然很高兴。（张若谷译）（卡特福德翻译转换理论对英汉-汉英翻译的有效性-以此类转换和单位转换为主的探讨）,2,Unit Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,3.ST: Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! I have as much soul a

52、s you, and full as much heart! ( Charlotte Bronte, 2000:221) TT: 难道就因为我一贫如洗、默默无闻、长相平庸、个子瘦小，就没有灵魂，没有心肠了？你不是想错了吗？我的心灵跟你一样丰富，我的心胸跟你一样充实！(Huang Yuanshen,1994:291)（从翻译转换角度对比的两个中译本）,2,Unit Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,Catford said that structural shifts are the most common form of shifts and inv

53、olve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. For example, there are also a lot of passive sentences translating into active sentences in Chinese due to different grammatical structure of the two languages.,3,Structural Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,1.ST:为了保证刑法的正确实施，惩罚犯罪，保护人民，保障国家安全和社会公共安全，

54、维护社会主义社会秩序。根据宪法，制定本法。(浅析立法文本英文译本中的翻译转移_英文) TT: This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution and for the purpose of ensuring correct enforcement of the Criminal Law, punishing crimes, protecting the people, safeguarding State and public security and maintaining socialist public order.,3,St

55、ructural Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,2.ST:The world is blinded by his fortune and consequence, or frightened by his high and imposing manners. TT: 他有钱有势，蒙蔽了天下人的耳目，他目空一切，盛气凌人，又吓坏了天下人。,3,Structural Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,3.ST: Eight years in the broadcasting business had mad

56、e him deft at such juggling. TT 1 ：在广播界所干的八年使他相当熟悉这套玩意了。 TT 2 ：他在广播界干了八年，对这套玩意已经相当熟练了。,3,Structural Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,Class shifts from the source language to the target language are changes in part of speech uage. An example given by Catford is the English a medical student and

57、 the French un etudiant en medicine where the English premodifying adjective medical is translated by the adverbial qualifying phrase en medicine.,4,Class Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,1.ST: “and that government of the people, by the people, for the people” ( Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lin

58、coln) TT: “民有、民治、民享的政府” （ 卡特福德翻译转换理论对英汉-汉英翻译的有效性-以此类转换和单位转换为主的探讨）,4,Class Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,2.ST: Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indochina would soon be over. TT: 尼克松先生屡次声称，美国在印度支那的战争即将结束。,4,Class Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,3.ST: I think you h

59、ave said it with such an earnest, religious energy; and because your upward gaze at me now is the very sublime of faith, truth and devotion. ( Charlotte Bronte,2000:247) TT: 我想是因为你说的那么虔诚，那么富有力量，因为你抬眼看我时，目光里透出了极度的信赖、真诚和衷心。（Huang Yuanshen, 1994:327) （从翻译转换角度对比的两个中译本）,4,Class Shifts,Translation Shiftat Micro Level,System shifts refer to shifts caused by lack of or differences in th