《跨文化交际》4.ppt

1、Session 4,Intercultural Non-verbal Communication,QUESTION: What?,Every culture has rules about the CORRECT use of space. The proxemic (relating to the study of space) rules are unwritten and never taught- but they are very powerful a. She will ask them to sit somewhere else. b. She will stare at the

2、 space invaders defiantly, but she will not move . c. She will leave, saying nothing to the three people who invaded her personal space.,Flight,Flight is the most common response to spatial invasions, and only 2% of the invaded people in proxemics experiments ever say anything to those who invade th

3、eir personal space. The invasion is stressful for the invaded, making an early departure is almost certain. /,No gesture has the same meaning!,there is no international language of gestures. Instead, cultures have developed systems of unique gestures, and it is almost never p

4、ossible for us to understand intuitively the gestures from another culture.,French gesture for I dont believe you ,guess what this Iranian gesture means?,No. 1 for me/ Good luck / screw you,Screw you,This gesture teaches an extremely important lesson. This gesture is identical to the American/Englis

5、h gesture for Good Luck to you. But it is an obscene (淫猥的) gesture, and an American traveling in Iran would outrage people there if the American performed this gesture. When in another culture or society, we should never mirror a gesture that someone presents to us-without knowing it, we could be de

6、eply offending that person and inviting conflict.,Who won the game of one-on-one basketball?,a. The man on the left b. The man on the right,The man on the right,He seems confident, poised and modest-all qualities that suggest he is the winner of the game.,1. Nonverbal Communication,Nonverbal codes r

7、efer to communicative messages which are not in word form. More than 55% messages are communicated nonverbally!,People turn to believe nonverbal codes when they contradict the verbal ones!,Definition: (1),“Metacommunication (beyond the usual commmunication), paralinguistics, second-order messages, t

8、he silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.” (Hall, 1959),Definition: (2),Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the sourc

9、e or receiver. (Samovar and Porter, 2004),Definition in Chinese,一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行为。 非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。,Overview of Nonverbal Communication,Body Language General appearance and dress G

10、estures Eye contact Facial expression Posture Touching,2. Paralanguage Silence Pitch Volumn Environment Language Space Time,毕继万（1995）,体态语（body language，包括各种表情、动 作、姿态） 副语言（paralanguage，包括沉默与非语义声音） 客体语（object language，包括皮肤颜色、气味、衣着化妆、家具等） 环境语言（environmental language，包括时间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等，即影响生理与心理的环

11、境因素）。,Different categorization,对非言语交际方式，有种种不同的分类法，而且各子系统往往出现相互交叉或包容现象。下面将引述安德逊（Andersen，见 Samovar et al，1991：287)的分类系统。安德逊对非言语交际系统的划分比较全面，并按照人们对其研究的深度，由深到浅地划分出以下几个子系统：,安德逊（Andersen),（1）时间学(chronemics)研究人们利用时间的方式及其意义。（2）空间学（proxemics）研究人际距离及空间使用方式及其意义。（3）身势学（kinesics）研究人们的面部表情（facial expression）、身体动作（body movements）、手势（gestures）等。（4）体触学（haptics）研究身体接触所传达的信息。,安德逊（Andersen),（ 5）外表（physical appearance）研究人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。（6）目光学（oculesics）研究人