国际贸易Chapter_6_International_Cargo_Transport yuan.ppt

1、2020/8/9,天津理工大学,International Cargo Transport,Chapter 6,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,6.1. Modes of Transport 6.2. General Considerations on Cargo Transport 6. 3. Major Transport Documents 6.4. Clause of Shipment,2,Chapter Six,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,What are the major types of transportation? Can you describe the advant

2、ages and disadvantages of the modes of transportation you have mentioned? What should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation?,Questions,3,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,The concept of delivery,The seller delivers the contracted goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manner to the buy

3、er. In international trade, the delivery also means to transport the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer. The former is called physical delivery of goods, which is applied in sales under E terms and D terms, while the later is called symbolic delivery of goods, which is applied i

4、n the sales under F terms and D terms.,5,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,(1) Features of ocean transport (2) Operational modes of ocean transport (3) Freight Rates,7,1. Ocean/Sea/Marine Transport,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Features of Ocean Transport, Advantages: The easy passage since about 70% of the earth is covered by wat

5、er. Large capacity. The unit distribution cost reduced. Good adaptability to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc. Disadvantages: The low passage of ocean transport. Vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.,8,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,1) Liner Transport（班轮运输）,A

6、 passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table. Features fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight loading and unloading charges included in freight simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantity,Types of Shipping Services

7、,9,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,2) Charter Transport 租船运输 （Tramp Shipping)不定期船运输,The practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats. Much cheaper than that of the liner. Shippers may choose direct route. Widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.,10,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Charter Transport,Voyage Char

8、ter,Time Charter,Bareboat Charter,.,The charter or hiring of a vessel and crew for a single voyage,single trip charter 单航次租船 return trip charter 来回程航次租船 consecutive voyages 连续航次程租,The charter of a ship for a definite period of time.,The ship owner is responsible for providing seaworthy ship and the

9、related charges. The renter has the right to dispatch the ship, but bear all expenditures in transit, such as charges for fuels, port and loading & unloading.,A ship without crew and ships master,The charterer is responsible for crewing, provisioning and fuelling, maintaining and even paying differe

10、nt taxes or duties within a period of time, usually a number of years,11,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,12,Freight is a special unit used in calculating charges that must be paid for shipping the cargo. Freight is collected in different ways. Shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, i

11、f possible, the cost of transport. Ocean freight may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight.,Ocean Freight,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Liner Freight,Basic freight rates 1）Weight重量法: for items marked with “W” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (wei

12、ght ton). 2) Measurement体积法: for items marked with “M”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton). 3) Ad Val.从价法: for items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. For some v

13、aluable goods like gold, silver, expensive fur, usually 1-5% of the price. 4) Weight or Measurement， W/M or Ad val ，W/M plus ad val（选择法） 5）Per Head、Per Unit（按件法） 6）Open Rate 议定法,13,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Surcharges, bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (B.A.F.燃料附加费 ) devaluation surcharge/currency adj

14、ustment factor (C.A.F.货币 贬值附加费) transshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(绕航附加费),14,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Charter freight,The freight rate for charter is usually charged by quantities of the goods carried an

15、d fluctuates with market conditions of supply and demand.,1) Liner terms/gross terms(班轮条件): the freight includes loading and unloading charges. The ship owner shall be responsible for loading and unloading. 2) Free in(船方管卸不管装): the ship owner bears the unloading charges, not loading charges. 3) Free

16、 out(船方管装不管卸): the ship owner bears the loading charges, not the unloading charges. 4) Free In and Out(船方装卸均不管): the ship owner bears no unloading and loading charges. 5) Free In and Out and Stowed and Trimmed（船方不管装卸、理舱和平舱）: the ship owner is neither responsible for loading and unloading nor for sto

17、wed and trimmed charges.,16,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,2. Air Transport, Advantages: High speed Good quality Low risk Competitive insurance premium Disadvantages High cost Low capacity Vulnerable to disruption Sparsely located facilities.,19,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Types of Air Transport Services,Four categories: Sche

18、duled airlines 班机运输 Chartered carriers 包机运输 Consolidated consignments by freight forwarders 集中托运 Air express service / desk to desk service 航空速递 (1) Scheduled airlines: operating on a scheduled service, over a fixed airline and between fixed airports, suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seaso

19、nal goods. (2) Chartered carriers: the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes, ideal for carrying cargoes of large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination. (3) Consolidated consignments: the air freight forwarder usually assembles

20、 a number of individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. A consolidated shipment made up by several shipments can be dispatched to one common destination. Many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10% lower than that of a scheduled air

21、line. (4) Air express service : the express service provided by air freight forwarders specializing in this line of business between consignors, airports and users, suitable for urgently needed articles and important documents,20,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Rail Transport, Advantages Large capacity (second to o

22、cean transport) Relatively high speed Economical Relatively punctual Less prone to interruptions by poor weather Disadvantages Confined to railroad Less flexible,24,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Road Transport, Advantages Versatile Flexible in operation High distributive ability Disadvantages Low capacity High op

23、erating cost High risk of pilferage and damage Complication,26,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Containerization,Containerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. It is the most modern form of physical international distribution and overa

24、ll is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, advanced technology and so on.,27,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Features of containerization:, Advantages Increase the efficiency of handling Improve the transportation quality Save operating costs Simplify delivery formalities Promote mult

25、i-modal transportation,28,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,International Multi-modal Transport,At least two modes of transport One contract, one transport document, one operator, one freight rate Use of containers Advantages High efficiency Good quality Cost and time saving Economy and simplicity of documentation,32

26、,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,6.3 Major Transport Documents,Bill of lading Consignment note (for Rail and Road) Air waybill Combined transport documents (CTD),34,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Bill of Lading (B/L),1. Definition and Function A bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as: 1) a receipt of the goods(货物收据)

27、 2) a document of title(物权凭证) 3) the evidence of the contract between the consignor and the carrier (运输契约的证明),35,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Bill of lading (B/L) A bill of lading (B/L) is used for sea shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods. It must be produced at the port of final destination by th

28、e importer in order to claim goods.As a document of title, the bill of lading is also a negotiable document and you may sell the goods by endorsing or handing it over to another authorized party, even while the goods are still at sea.Although negotiable bills of lading are in common use, some countr

29、ies do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used. You have to be sure that a negotiable B/L is accepted in your country. Otherwise, a non-negotiable B/L is issued.The B/L is a formal, signed receipt for a specified number of packs, which is given to the export agent by the shipping lin

30、e when the shipping line receives the consignment. If the cargo is apparently in good order and properly packed when received by the shipping line, the bill of lading, is deemed as clean. The ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill. See sample B/L,36,2020/8/9,天津理工大

31、学,2. Types of B/L,As per whether the goods are shipped on board: Shipped (on board) B/L已装船提单 Received for shipment B/L备运提单 As per whether the B/L is clean or not: Clean B/L Unclean/Foul B/L Unclean B/L can not used for negotiation.,Some remarks can not be regarded as “ unclean”. 不明白地表示货物或包装不能令人满意，如：

32、“旧包装”，“旧箱” 强调承运人对于货物或包装性质引起的风险不负责任 否认承运人知悉货物内容、质量、重量等 发货人装载并计数,37,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,38,As per the name of the consignee Straight B/L记名提单 Blank B/L /Bearer B/L不记名提单 Order B/L指示提单 (widely used),Comparisons,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,As per the modes of transport,Direct B/L直达提单 Transshipment B/L转船提单 Through B/L联运提单

33、 Liner B/L班轮提单 Container B/L Combined B/L As per the content of the B/L Long form B/L全式提单 Short form B/L简式提单 As per the effect of B/L Original B/L)正本提单 Copy B/L副本提单,39,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,As per the issuing date of B/L,On deck B/L甲板提单 When cargo is placed on the deck of a ship for delivery, an On Deck B

34、/L is given to the exporter when the ship leaves port. Stale B/L过期提单 Bills presents to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination Ante-dated B/L倒签提单 When the actual shipment date is later than that stipula

35、ted in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. Advanced B/L预借提单 When the expiry date of the L/C is due but the exporter hasnt yet got the goods ready for shipment. The purpose

36、 of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the L/C.,40,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Anti-dated B/L &Advanced B/L,倒签提单和预借提单被认为是典型的海运欺诈行为。不论出于什么原因，承运人通过倒签和预借提单，总是向收货人或提单持有人传达了一个关于装船时间的虚假情况。如果是应托运人的要求所为，那么从买卖关系上说，承运人则是帮助卖方掩盖了未能按时交运的违约事实。倒签和预借提单的主要原因是卖方不能按照买卖合同的约定时间交

37、运货物，有时也因为承运人船期延误。,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Case Study (1),我国某公司与瑞士某公司签订某农产品3500公吨的合同，每公吨CIF鹿特丹24英镑共值84000英镑。装船日期为当年12月至次年1月，对方以不可撤销的即期信用证进行支付。我国某公司在租船装运时，因原订货船临时损坏，在国外修理，不能在预定的时间到达我国口岸装货，临时改派香港某公司租船装运，但又因连日风雪，迟至2月11日才装完毕，2月13日开航。我某公司了取得符合信用证所规定的装船日期（即19年12月1日至次年1月31日）提单，要求外轮代理公司按次年1月31日签发提单，并以此提单向我银行办理议付。货物到

38、达鹿特丹，经买方聘请律师上船查阅航行日志，查实提单的签发日期是伪造的立即凭证向当地法院起诉，并由法院发出扣船通知。船由外轮公司以30000英镑担保放行，我方经四个月的谈判，共赔偿20600英镑，买方才撤回上诉而结案，既损失了外汇，又对外造成了不良的影响。 试对此案进行分析。,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,分析:倒签提单是一种违法行为，一旦被识破，产生的后果是严重的。但是在国际贸易中，倒签提单的情况相当普遍。尤其是当延期时间不多的情况下，还是有许多出口商会铤而走险。当倒签的日子较长的情况出现，就容易引起买方怀疑，最终可以通过查阅船长的航行日志或者班轮时刻表等途径加以识破。,2020/8/9,天

39、津理工大学,Consignment Note (for rail and road),Contract of carriage Receipt of goods Not a document of title,41,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Air Waybill,Receipt of goods Contract of carriage Certificate of insurance Customs declaration Instruction sheet to the carrier Bill for the freight,42,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,43,Time

40、of shipment How to stipulate the time of shipment in the contract? 1、A definite time is given for shipment. e.g.: Shipment at or before the end of March . Shipment on or before May, 15th. (the latest time) Shipment not later than October 31st. Shipment during January. Shipment within sixty days. ( a

41、 certain period of time) Shipment during Jan./Feb.,6.4. Clause of Shipment,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,2. When the payment is made by L/C, the time of shipment is usually made in connection with the time of receipt of L/C. e.g.: The Buyer must open the relative L/C to reach the Sellers before 15 Oct. Shipment w

42、ithin 45 days after receipt of L/C. 3. Recent shipment Immediate shipment Prompt shipment Shipment as soon as possible,44,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Partial Shipment & Transshipment,Shipment during Oct. / Nov. /Dec. 2007, with partial shipments and transshipment allowed. Shipment during Jan. /Feb. 2007 in two

43、equal monthly lots (in two equal monthly shipments) ,with transshipment allowed,45,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,某公司出口2000公吨大豆，国外来证规定：不允许分批装运。结果我方在规定的期限内分别在大连和青岛各装1000公吨于同一航次的同一船只上，提单上也注明了不同的装货港和不同的装船日期，试问：我方做法是否违约？银行能否议付？理由何在?,Case Study,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Relevant Link to UCP600,46,Article 31 Partial Drawings or S

44、hipments a. Partial drawings or shipments are allowed. b. A presentation consisting of more than one set of transport documents evidencing shipment commencing on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same destination, will not be regarded as covering a par

45、tial shipment, even if they indicate different dates of shipment or different ports of loading, places of taking in charge or dispatch. If the presentation consists of more than one set of transport documents, the latest date of shipment as evidenced on any of the sets of transport documents will be

46、 regarded as the date of shipment. A presentation consisting of one or more sets of transport documents evidencing shipment on more than one means of conveyance within the same mode of transport will be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if the means of conveyance leave on the same day fo

47、r the same destination. c. A presentation consisting of more than one courier receipt, post receipt or certificate of posting will not be regarded as a partial shipment if the courier receipts, post receipts or certificates of posting appear to have been stamped or signed by the same courier or post

48、al service at the same place and date and for the same destination.,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,第三十一条 部分支款或部分发运 a. 允许部分支款或部分发运。 b. 表明使用同一运输工具并经由同次航程运输的数套运输单据在同一次提交时，只要显示相同目的地，将不视为部分发运，即使运输单据上表明的发运日期不同或装货港、接管地或发运地点不同。如果交单由数套运输单据构成，其中最晚的一个发运日将被视为发运日。 含有一套或数套运输单据的交单，如果表明在同一种运输方式下经由数件运输工具运输，即使运输工具在同一天出发运往同一目的地，仍将被视

49、为部分发运。 c. 含有一份以上快递收据，邮政收据或投邮证明的交单，如果单据看似由同一快递或邮政机构在同一地点和日期加盖印戳或签字并且表明同一目的地，将不视为部分发运。,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,Follow-up Practice,1 Review and Discussion Questions 1) What are the major types of transportation in international cargo transport? 2) What are the characteristics of liner transport? 3) What are th

50、e differences between voyage charter and time charter? 4) What are the main functions of B/L? 5) What should be considered when choosing port of shipment and port of destination? 6) Why the advice of shipment can coordinate the responsibilities of the exporter and the importer? 7) What are the main

51、responsibilities of multi-modal transport operator? 8) What main points are included in the clause of shipment?,48,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,2 Choose the right answer from each of the following.,1) _ can be freely bought and sold just like commodities. A. Railway bill B. Airway bill C. Shipping advice D. Ocea

52、n bill of lading 2) Freight under liner transportation _. A. needs to stipulate demurrage and dispatch money between the shipper and the carrier B. does not include loading and unloading cost C. consists of basic charges and additional charges D. is collected based on gross weight of the goods 3) Ai

53、rway bill is NOT_. A. a transport contract between the consignor and the carrier B. a document for customs clearance C. a document for bank negotiation D. a document of title 4) _is the most commonly used transportation mode, which occupies 2/3 of international transportation. A. Railway transportat

54、ion B. Maritime transportation C. Air transportation D. Parcel transportation 5) In international trade, the importer often does not require_. A. shipped B/L B. clean B/L C. blank B/L D. order B/L,49,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,6) _ can be transferred after endorsement. A. straight B/L B. blank B/L C. order B/L

55、 D. through B/L 7) Multi-modal transport operator is responsible for _. A. the first voyage B. the whole voyage C. the ocean transport C. the last voyage 8) Under _ character, the ship-owner only rents the charterer the boat. A. demise B. time C. voyage D. booking 9) _is suitable for conveying fresh

56、, emergent and seasonal goods. A. scheduled airlines B. chartered carriers C. consolidated consignment D. liners 10) If items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of _ of the cargo concerned. A. weight B. price or value C. measurement D. volume,50,2020/8/9,天津理工大学,3. Ju

57、dge whether the following statements are true or false.,1) The loading and unloading charges are included in the freight of the liners. ( ) 2) Demurrage is the extra charges a shipper pays for detaining a freight ship beyond time permitted for loading or unloading. ( ) 3) Dispatch money is a fine im

58、posed on the charterer for the delay in the loading and unloading of the goods. ( ) 4) Straight B/L can be transferred through endorsement. ( ) 5) A bill of lading is both a receipt for merchandise and an evidence of contract to deliver it as freight. ( ) 6) Advantages of containerization include le

59、ss handling of cargo, more protection against pilferage, less exposure to the elements, and reduced time of shipping.( ) 7) Order B/L can be transferred with or without endorsement. ( ) 8) In international multi-modal transportation, a multi-modal transport operator will issue a combined transport document and be responsible for the safe carriage of the whole