非限制定语从句.ppt

1、Non-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定语从句,Unit,3,Grammar and usage,1.定语从句(attributive clauses)通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有: which(指物), that(既可指人又可指物), who(指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语), whom (指人，在定语从句中作宾语),whose(指人或物，作定语)等。关系副词有: when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)等。,Explanation,Join the following sentences: A plane is

2、a machine. The machine can fly. A plane is can fly.,关系代词的实质,a machine,that /which,关系代词的实质,Join the following sentences: The lady is Green. We saw her yesterday.,her,The lady,we saw yesterday is Green.,who/that,2. 定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive )和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)两种。,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：,限制性定语从句是先行词在

3、意义上不可缺少的定语， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切， 写时不用逗号分开。,非限制性定语从句和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句，写时往往与主句用逗号分开。,Who is she?,Celia, _ took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important. Celia, _ body is slim, still wants to lose some weight.,who,whose,关系代词：which / who / whom / w

4、hose / as 关系副词：when / where (非限制性定语从句中不用关系代词that；非限制性定语从句中关系词(先行词)即使在从句中作宾语,关系词也不能省略),非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系代词和副词(p.48),A. He is a man who I can ask for help. B. His father, who works in Beijing, came back yesterday.,限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切，如果去掉从句，剩余部分意义不完整。译成先行词的定语：“的”； 非限制性定语从句只是先行词的附加说明，如果去掉从句，意义仍然完整。译成主句的并列句

5、。,Differences:,1 There is a comma （逗号） before the non-restrictive attributive clause. 2 The non-restrictive attributive clause can be left out.（非限制性定语从句可以被省略） 3 We cant use “that” in it.（非限制性定语从句中不可以用that) We cant leave out the relative words, either.（非限制性定语从句中关系代词不可以被省略） The book (that/which) I bou

6、ght is interesting. The book, which I bought , is interesting.,This is the house (which/ that )we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 2. The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。,Example,限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句,I have a sister who works in a hospital.,我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。,I have a sister

7、, who works in a hospital.,我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。,有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思。,（不只一位姐姐）,（只有一位姐姐）,His father, who works in Beijing, came back yesterday.,当先行词是地名人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句。,Shanghai, which is in East China, is developing rapidly.,He failed in the final exam, which made his father angry.

8、 2. She came back to China, which surprised me a lot.,He missed the show, whichwas a great pity.,Tip 1: we can use “which” to refer to the whole main clause, and we cant use “that”.,There are fifty students in our class, twenty of whom are girls., We can use all/ some/ most/ both/neither/none/ part

9、of +whom/ which to express part or all of something.,Tip 2:,More examples:,1 He has three sons, two of whom are doctors. 2 Many people, some of whom are slim, are going on diets. 3 Im doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.,1. He has two sons, _ are college s

10、tudents. He has two sons, and _ are college students. A. both of which B. both of whomC. both of them D. both of it,C,B,Comparison,Conclusion,在非限制性定语从句中,一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如 all/ some/ one/ both/ neither/ none/ any/ either/ any 等可与 of 构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词of的宾语,关系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则

11、用which引导定语从句。,1.在限制性定语从句中一些固定搭配： the same as ; suchsoas He bought the same car as I bought last year. I want to buy such a book as you have. She is such a bad woman as nobody likes. She is so bad a woman as nobody likes.,The usage of as,as 引导的限制性定语从句,This is such an interesting book _ we all like. T

12、his is so interesting a book _ we all like. This is such an interesting book _we all like it. This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,as,that,Please complete the following sentences and compare:,as,that,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句),这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句),The usage of which,A. 引导非限定性定语从句。 The proje

13、ct, which last four years, cost the US $1 million. B.代表整个主句的概念，这时which相当于and this/that的含义。 I said nothing, which made him angry. He didnt come, which upset me.,在非限制性定语从句中,只能用关系代词which的情况,在介词后面,下列情况只能用which,His dog, which was very old now, became ill. This is the play about which he was talking. 1.非限

14、定性的定语从句 2.介词后面,比较:,1. As everyone knows, China is a country with a long history. 众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 2. She is a teacher, as is clear from her manner. 她是个教师, 这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。,Examples:,3. He missed the show, which was really a great pity. 他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。 4. He invited me to dinner, which made me ver

15、y happy. 他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。,Conclusion,1. as 和which引导非限制性定语从句的相同点： as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时, as和which都可代替整个主句, 相当于and this或and that。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。,2. as和which引导非限制性定语从句的不 同之处在于： (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾（即在主句前或后), 而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首，只能在主句后。,as 与which的区别,The earth is round._ is know

16、n to all. The earth is round,_ is known to all. _ is known to all (As we all know), the earth is round. We can also say: _ is known to all that the earth is round. What is known to all is that the earth is round.,It,which / as,As,It,定语从句在句首时（在主句之前）只能用as,(2) as 具有正如,据之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如say/know/report

17、/expect/describe等 as you know/ as you see/as we say as is expected/known/reported in the newspaper(与这些词的被动语态连用）,He died, as is reported. He is hard-working, as is known to all./ as we all know.,He failed in the exam, which made his mother very angry. His dog died, which made him very sad.,which: “这，

18、这一点；那，那一点”的意思, _ we all know, China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known, China is rich in natural resources. A. Which B. As C. It D. That,B,C,B,限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分；主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开。,非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。,引导

19、词：关系代词和关系副词，作宾语时一些关系代词可以省略,引导词：as, who, whom, whose, which, when, where等，不用that或why,不能省略,定语从句,Conclusion,Please compare:,插入成分,修饰限定,补充解释,不能,能,.的,Teachers who are kind are popular with the students. Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.,分析两种定语从句省略后的结果,The town where I live is beautiful. Beijing, where I live, is beautiful.,分析两种定语从句省略后的结果,限制性定语从句省略后主语所指就不明确，所以不能省略,【例1】 He said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt