第九章汉英话语组织法对比.ppt

1、第九章 汉英语组织手段对比,我们过了江，进了车站，我买票，他忙着照看行李。 张培基：we entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. 杨宪益：we crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.,第一节 意合与形合 一、什么是“形合

2、”与“意合” 形合与意合 语言的两种基本组织手段,西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环与环之间都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像天衣无缝，只是一块一块地硬凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性，中国语法是软的，富有弹性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求，如每一个clause里必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，相关的两件事可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connective word. 王力中国语法理论,When he was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next mornin

3、g, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of sour expression , and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters. (Chapter II, Vanity Fair) 他一喝醉酒，就会打老婆孩子。第二天早晨，他便会头疼，抱怨世人不识其才华，斥责画界同行都是白痴。他的话很尖刻，但有时也很有道理。,英语“硬的”一面，首先在于其对

4、以主谓结构为核心的形式结构的“呆板要求”； 汉语“软的”一面，在于其“富于弹性”的形式结构，承载信息的具体语言实体各式各样，不需要按照英语的主谓结构那样一一对号入座。,形合：借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）来实现词语或句子的连接。即词语和语句之间的连接主要依仗连接词或语言形态变化来实现，其实质是关联词的撑持。 意合：不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现词语或句子的连接。 前者注重语言形式上的接应； 后者注重行文意思上的连贯。,二、英语的形合表现 1、关系词和连接词 关系词：关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词 如：who,whom,whose,that,whi

5、ch,what,when,where,why,how 用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。 连接词：并列连词和从属连词 如：and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,eitheror,neithernor when,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,lest 用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。,1）她们正打架，不巧被我撞见了。 I happened to be present when they were having a fight. 2）All was cleared up some time later

6、 when news came form a distant place that earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了一些时候，从远方传来消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。,3）It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned agai

7、n in a peacetime fall. 那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年人们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。,2、介词 简单介词：with,to,in,of,about,between,through 合成介词：inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout 成语介词：according to,along with,apart form,because of,in front of,on behalf on,with regard to,1）好不容易才说服她照我的想法办。

8、 With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking. 2）Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。,3、其他连接手段 形态变化形式（词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词的形态变化） 广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系 使用it和there作替补词起连接作用 只见那个理发师俯下

9、身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。 Leaning down to hear the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.,4、综合使用形合手段 1）He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixtee

10、n hours a day. 他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。,2）There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffe

11、e, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride. 最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神或费用用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。,三、汉语的意合表现 1、语序 他不老实，我不信他。 1） Because hes not honest, I cant trust him. 我不信他，他不老实。 I can

12、t trust him, because hes not honest. 2）人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked.,3）说是说了，没有结果。 （=我虽然说了，但是没有结果。） Ive made proposals, but they proved futile. 4) 打肿脸充胖子，吃亏的是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.,2、用反复、排比等词句整齐匀称的句式 1) 他不来，我不去。 If he wont come here, Ill not g

13、o there. 2) 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As you sow, so will you reap. 3) 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 4) 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 If one does not enter the tigers den, how can he get a tigers cub?,3、紧缩句 所谓紧缩，即将复句内部的语音停顿取消，同时缩略原有的某些成分，特别是形式类的关联词而形成的句子形式。 1) 上梁不正下梁歪。 If the upper beam is not straight, the lower

14、 ones will go aslant. When those above behave unworthily, those below will do the same.,2) 有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food if theres any. 3) 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. 4) 小巫见大巫。 The moon is not seen when the sun shines. 5) 雷声大雨点小。 6) 坦白从宽，抗拒从严,紧缩意合复句：,(1)任何物质，如果遇到热，它就会膨胀；如果

15、遇到 冷，它就会收缩，这是共性。,(2)任何物质，遇到热就膨胀，遇到冷就收缩，这是 共性。,(3)任何物质，热胀冷缩，这是共性。,表示条件关系的形合复句,表示条件关系的形合紧缩复句,“热胀冷缩”是两个紧缩意合复句,It is a common property of any matter that it expands if (when) it is heated, it contracts if (when) cooled,4、四字格 物极必反 Once a certain limit is released, a change in the opposite direction is in

16、evitable. 欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed. 不进则退 He who does not advance falls backward. More forward, or youll fall behind. 玩火自焚 Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.,“如果说西方语言的句子脉络是一种以动词为中心的空间结构体,那么汉语句子的脉络是一种具有逻辑天籁的心理时间流,它不像西方语言的句子那样以动词为中心搭起固定框架,以形役意,而是以意义的完整为目的,用一个个语

17、言板块(句读段)按逻辑事理的流动,铺排的局势来完成内容表达的要求”,校长召开大会动员全体教师教育好学生遵守一切规章制度。 The school master held a meeting, demanding that all the teachers should guide their students to follow the schools disciplines.,“知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。” （若）知彼（而又）知己，（则）百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知彼（而又）不知己，（则）每战（将）必殆。 You

18、 can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.,四、意合形合对翻译的影响 1、英译汉隐

19、含某些形式连接成分 And with this and a proud bow to his patrons, the manager retires, and the curtain rises. 领班的说到这里，向各位主顾深鞠一躬退到后台，就开幕了。,He spoke so well that everybody believed his innocence. a.他说得如此好听，以至于每一个人都相信他是无辜的。 b.他说得很好听，谁都相信他的无辜。 If you do what I have asked to do, you will not make such mistake. a.如

20、果你按照我的要求做，那么你就不会犯这样的错误。 b.不听我的话，你就会出错。,The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer. The more cigarettes smoked by the husband, the greater the threat faced by his non-smoking wife. a. 这项研究表明，抽烟男子的不抽烟妻子罹患肺癌的危险比一般人

21、大得多，丈夫抽烟越多，其不抽烟的妻子面临的威胁越大。 b.这项研究表明，妻子不抽烟而丈夫抽烟，妻子得肺癌的危险性比一般人大得多。丈夫抽烟越多，妻子受到的威胁也就越大。,2、汉译英注意形式链接成分的使用 行宫 寥落古行宫，宫花寂寞红。 白头宫女在，闲坐说玄宗。 (1) At an Old Palace (Herbert A. Giles) Deserted now the Imperial bowers, Save by some few poor lonely flowers One white-haired dame An Emperors flame, Sits down and tell

22、s of bygone hours.,行宫 寥落古行宫，宫花寂寞红。 白头宫女在，闲坐说玄宗。 (2) The Ancient Palace (W.J.B. Fletcher) The ancient Palace lies in desolation spread. The very garden flowers in solitude grow red. Only some withered dames with whitened hair remain, Who sit there idly talking of mystic monarchs dead.,黑猫白猫，逮住老鼠的就是好猫。

23、 I dont care whether a cat is white or black so long as it catches a mouse. 很多人没来，会议只好延期。 We had to put off the meeting since so many people were absent. 要提倡科学，靠科学才有希望。 We must promote science, for that is where our hope lies.,前几天，狼子村的佃户来告荒，对我大哥说，他们村里的一个大恶人，给大家打死了；几个人便挖出他的心肝来，用油煎炒了吃，可以壮壮胆子。我插了一句嘴，佃户

24、和大哥便都看我一眼。今天才晓得他们的眼光，全同外面的那伙人一模一样。 A few days ago a tenant of us from Wolf Cub Village came to report the failure of the crops and told my elder brother that a notorious character in their village had been beaten to death, then some people had taken out his heart and liver, fried them in oil, and ea

25、ten them as a means of increasing their courage. When I interrupted, the tenant and my brother both stared at me. Only today have I realized that they had exactly the same look in their eyes as those people outside.,第二节 重复与替代,After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several

26、different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “Carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 他们注视着那些鱼好一会儿之后，便要我给他们好几对不同的鱼，一面在水箱之间走来走去，一面将所要的鱼指出来，我把他们选定的鱼用网捞起来，先

27、放在一个让他带回去的容器中，再（-）装入一个不漏水的袋子，以便携带，然后将袋子交给那个男孩。“好好地提着（-），”我指点他。 汉语倾向于重复手段，而英语倾向于替代手段。,一、英语尽量避免重复 1) 音节重复 * Close examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department. Close study of the result of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.,2) 词语重复 *We l

28、istened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. We listened to an account of the villagers customs.,3) 句式重复 *Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. Thi

29、s is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do, there is little doubt that theyll elect the men they want.,4) 意义重复 * He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project. He asked the divisions to cooperatio

30、n on the project. * assemble together * repeat again * still remain,二、英语避免重复的方法 1、替代 1）名词性替代 用代词（第三人称代词、指示代词、关系代词、不定代词）或某些名词（half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former. the latter）来替代。 A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and the new substance is formed. 化学变化是改

31、变粒子结构，形成新物质的一种变化。,2）动词性替代 用代动词do，复合代动词do so, do this/that, do the same及替代句型“so +do+主语”等取代谓语动词。 You should help him since you have promised to do so. 你答应了要帮他就应该帮他。 Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well. 玛丽会讲汉语，而且讲得很好。,3）分句型替代 用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的that从句，用if so或if not 取代条件从句，用as来取代分句的一部分等。 People belie

32、ve that the American team will win the football game. But I believe not. We must have a fundamental evaluation of a persons work, and establish whether his achievements amount to 30% and his mistake to 70%,or vice versa. 一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩，七分错误，还是七分成绩，三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。,2、变换(variation) 1) 同名异称法 Mrs. Thatch

33、er, she, the Prime Minister, the Iron Lady, the leader of the Conservative Party, the first woman Prime Minister. 2）近义词复现：上位词和统称词 Johns bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car. I dont know where to stay when I arrive in New York. I have never been to that place.,相同词 同义词 上位词 统称词 代词

34、,3. 省略零位替代(omission) 在并列结构中,英语常常省略前面出现过的词语； 汉语则往往重复这些词语。 Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind. 阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人的思维。,英语常常承前省略相同的谓语动词； 汉语则较常承前省略相同的主语。 I lost my proud poplar, and you (lost) your willow. 我失骄杨君失柳。 He did not go, nor did I. 他没去，我也没去。 汉语的省略有时

35、只求达意而不考虑语法和逻辑，是意合的极致。 eg. 你要死了找我。（你的狗要是死了，你可以找我。） 今年天气比去年冷。,三、汉语倾向于重复 修辞上的重复：反复，英汉都有 语法上的重复： 1) 词复 我还是我; 一是一,二是二; 他说他的,我干我的; 看书的看书,聊天的聊天; 大家庭有大家庭的难处; 这东西旧是旧,可还能用; 连想也没想过;想吃就吃; 这病是洗冷水澡洗出来的; 写信也好,打电话也好,发电报也好,反正你得通知到他; 各唱各的调;我不会游泳,也不会溜冰,2) 意复 称心如意;发号施令;穷凶极恶;惊天动地; 唉声叹气;胡言乱语;奇装异服;日新月异; 深仇大恨;千方百计 单丝不成线,独木

36、不成林 人以类聚,物以群分,汉语中的赘余现象: 他所担任的工作:his work另外还有:in addition不切实际的幻想:illusion; fancy毫无根据的诽谤:slander心里想的,眼里看得,嘴上说的,手上干的,要结合起来.,汉语词语搭配的“同义反复”现象十分普遍。 英语在词语搭配方面最大的特点就是要避免搭配上的“同义反复”。 1）与名词搭配产生“同义反复” usual habits通常的习惯 future prospect未来的前景 new innovation新发明 the general consensus大家一致同意,2）与动词搭配产生的“同义反复” complete

37、monopoly 全部垄断 to mix together混在一起 to eliminate entirely全部消灭 to set a new world record创造新的世界纪录 3）与形容词或副词搭配产生的“同义反复” visible to the eye眼睛能看见的 round in shape圆形的 red in color红色的 very absolute很绝对，非常绝对,第三节 关于骈偶与散行 对偶是把结构相似，字数相等，意义相类，相对或相反的两个语句对称地排在一起，使之互相补充，互相映衬，互相对照，以提高表达效果。,思考：骈偶是意合手段还是形合手段？ 连淑能：与反复、排比一

38、样是省略了关联词的意合手段 潘文国：是一种形合手段，帮助意义凝聚。骈偶中的互 文见义，对把握汉语的语义有很大的帮助。,1）少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 Laziness in youth spells regret in old age. 2）墙上芦苇，头重脚轻根底浅； 山间竹笋，嘴尖皮厚腹中空。 The reed growing on the walltop-heavy, thin-stemmed and shallow of root; The bamboo shoot in the hillssharp-tongued, thick-skinned and hollow inside. 3）

39、横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。 Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers, Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the youngsters.,英语中也有骈偶情况，尤其在谚语里。 More haste, less speed. Once bitten, twice shy. 英语的平行结构，很难实现像汉语严式对偶那样整齐匀称。 (字数相等,结构相同,平仄协调,字面对应而不重复) 1) Long absent, soon forgotten. 别久情疏 2) Nothing vent

40、ured, nothing gained. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 3) Penny wise, pound foolish. 小事聪明，大事糊涂。 4) Grasp all, lose all. 贪多必失。,英文的散行谚语，译成中文时常常是对句。 Seeing is believing. The outlooker sees most of the game. 当局者迷，旁观者清。 Kill two birds with one stone. Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. A miss is as good as a mile. 差之毫厘，谬以千里。 Fine feathers make fine birds. 佛要金装，人要衣装。,而汉语