Ination Structure.ppt

1、Information Structure,信息结构,一 信息结构概览,人们在交际中所传递的信息通常由已知信息和新信息组成。已知信息通常由主语表示， 即说话人或写文章的人认为对方已知的人或事或物，这是传递信息的出发点,新信息通常由谓语表示， 即说话或写文章的人认为对方还不知道的新内容， 是信息传递的着重点。 由此， 形成了英语相对固定的正常语序(Regular word order): 主语+谓语,因此，新信息中最为关键的部分常出现在句子末端， 称之为末端中心（End Focus）。 凡是语法结构较复杂的词数较多的信息片段（Piece of information）一般出现在句末，称之为末端重

2、量（End weight）,末端中心和末端重量是排列英语语序的重要原则：要求把新的中心信息和中心信息和重量信息安排在句子尾部。 在英语造句中极力避免头重脚轻，即避免主语过长的句子，谓语部分在正常句式总要比主语长一些。 He rested He took a rest (AmE) / He had a rest ( BrE),倘若改变了上述英语中相对固定的正常语序，即采用后移(Postponement)，外位(Extra position)，分隔(Discontinuity)， 前置(Fronting )，倒装(Inversion )， 分裂(Cleaving)等修辞手段所产生的非正常语序(Ir

3、regular word order) 就可以达到种种不同的强调的修辞效果。,二 后置 Postponement,在写作时按末端重量原则把认为重要的内容置于句末，这种修辞手段叫做后置() （一）Passive voice The rain destroyed the flowers. The flowers were destroyed by the rain.,(二)外位 Extrapostion (1) 不定式词组做真正主语 To get there by bus takes him an hour. It takes him an hour to get there by bus Not

4、 to publish my book might be better. It might be better not to publish my book.,(2)动名词词组作真正主语 Playing with fire is dangerous. Its dangerous playing with fire. Hartley: Gentlemen, it has been a privilege playing with your tonight.,(3)主语从句作真正主语 It says on papers that It is hoped that It is said that I

5、t goes without saying that It is supposed that,It is quite clear that It is must be pointed out that It is often said that It is well known that It can be easily proved that It will be seen from this that It is generally considered that,（三） 分隔 Discontinuity 1. 宾语从句的分隔 Just then I noticed, for the fi

6、rst time, that Monsieur Hamel wore his fine green coat. I believe, too, that I had never listened so attentively.,三 前移 Fronting,把在正常语序中出现较晚的成分，通常是宾语，宾语补语，主语补语，前移到句首，给人一种突然地感觉， 这种修辞叫前移。 Upon the education of the people of this country the fate of this country depends. Her appearance all admired, whil

7、e her personality few praised.,A scandal I call it. 丑闻！我把这叫丑闻。 Very strange it seemed.这可真怪了，让人觉得。,四 倒装Inversion,（一）全部倒装（主谓倒装） 1. 地方状语（ 如there，here）时间状语（then，now） 方式状语（thus，hence）位于句首，谓语为come， go， be等短语， 主语很长时， 要全倒装。 如：Then came the time to part. Here are some letter for you to type,2. 方位副词（ in， out，

8、 up等） 及象声词位于句首时表示出乎意料，要全倒装。 Out flew a bird from the teachers chalk-box. ( A bird flew out from the teachers chalk-box),（二）部分倒装Partial Inversion 1. no, not , never, rarely, on no account, not until, by no means Never has bob been aboard before. Neither do I know her name, nor does he.,（1）Only 位于句首，若

9、不是修饰主语，则引起倒装。 Only this way, only when, only if, only by chance Only later did they realized what a terrible thing it was Only when you need books, can you think them insufficient.,So do I; So I do; I do so; So it is with的辨别 1. So do I : so+谓语（ 助动词do， have， 系动词be， 情态助动词）+主语（倒装语序）其中： （）有also，too, as

10、well, in the same way的意思， （）主语必须与上一句的主语不是同一个人或物,Mary went to a film yesterday and Peter did too. Mary went to a film yesterday, so did peter. It was empty! So was the second. He traveled a great deal, as did most of his friends.,2. So I do: so+主语+谓语（助动词， 系动词， 情态动词） （正装语序) (1) So 有indeed之意， 表示赞成，同意或强调上一句内容 （2）主语和上一句的主语必须是同一个人或物 （3）谓语起强调动词的作用。,A: I know you like fish. B: So I do. A: He works hard. B: So he does.,3. I do so (正装语序) (1) so：这个句型中so代替上文或谈话对方所谈过的一个信息。 (2) do: 这个句型中do