托福阅读复习.ppt

1、,托福阅读复习,阅读理解,1. 考试概述 2. 文体分析 3. 阅读技能 4. 常见问题 5. 题型分析 6. 解题攻略 7. 应试准备 8. 高分秘籍 9. 冲刺攻略 10. 真题演练,新托福概述1,新托福概述2,目的：考查考生对大学教科书类似文章（prompts)的阅读理解能力。 类型： 1. short format（短模式）：3篇文章，60分钟 2. long format（长模式）： 5篇文章，100分钟 （其中有三篇文章被评分，其他的两篇是以后考试中的实验部分。） 记分：绝大多数是一题一分，但每篇文章的最后一题的分值超过一分。,新托福概述3,注意事项： 1. 考试进行中考生可以做笔

2、记，但不会被评分。 2. 有些文章中会使用下画线及蓝色(underlined in blue)来凸显一个单词或词组，可单击得到它们的定义和解释。 3. 在整个阅读考试过程中，考生可随时返回任何一篇文章中的任何一个问题，但不能进入听力部分，否则无法返回。 4. 点击review，可浏览已经回答的所有问题和未完成的问题，并返回任何一道为完成的题目继续答题。 5. 屏幕上的时钟将告诉你还剩多少时间完成阅读部分的考题。,文体分析,文章多取材于北美（America and Canada)，也来自于世界范围内的说英语的国家（England, Australia, New Zealand). 题材广泛： 1

3、. 科技：天文、地质、化学、数学、物理、生物、医学、工程学 2. 历史：政府、地理、文化 3. 艺术：文学、绘画、雕塑、舞蹈、戏剧、建筑 4. 社会科学：人类学、经济学、心理学、城市研究和社会学 5. 传记和自传 体裁： 1说明文 (exposition) 2议论文 (argumentation) 3记叙文(narration),说明文,段落主题句说明主题句的细节结尾句 全文 首段（揭示主题） 主体段（对主题分点阐述） 结论段（对全文归纳总结） 常见的结构模式： ）提出问题 分析问题解决问题 ）指出现象分析原因 ）引入主题进行对比比较 ）引入主题进行列举,议论文,常见结构： 提出论点列举理由或

4、事实总结 常见的结构标志： 1) 表观点：To begin with, in my opinion, as far as Im concerned, from my point of view 2) 表分类：can be classified into four groups, falls into three types 3) 表说明的步骤或论证的角度：fist, second, finally 4) 表总结：to sum up, on the whole, in short,阅读技能,1. 识别主题或作者的意图 2. 扫描细节 3. 利用上下文线索猜测词义 4. 做出推断 5. 识别连贯性

5、 6. 理解作者如何解释问题 7. 理解作者为什么使用某个例子或细节 8. 识别重申/释义和句子简化 9. 区别主要观点和次要观点 10. 分析和分类信息以完成摘要和表格,成组视读,“意群” (thought / sense group) : 视线停留一次可看到具有逻辑意义的一组单词，这种有意义的语法结构叫“意群” 。 阅读时人的眼睛不是持续的移动，而是跳跃式移动，94%的时间眼睛是静止的，6%的时间在跳跃。 在实际阅读中，人的眼睛以词群为单位跳跃，即相关的词往往在一次注目中看到。,略读,Skimming (略读) 快速浏览全文的阅读方法 目的： (1)了解文章的主题; (2)对文章的结构获得

6、一个整体概念; (3)对各部分的内容获得一个粗略印象; (4)对文章主旨做出判断。 对象:文章的标题、开始段、结束段、每段的段首句和结尾句,寻读,Scanning (寻读） 指以问题为线索、带着问题去寻找某一特定信息的阅读 要领： 确定哪方面的事实和细节 确定到什么地方去找 扫过文章 找到地方后详读 适当地推理 注意事项： 扫视文章要快 先了解四个选项 认真分析对比选项 题目的顺序与文章的行文顺序的关系,Guessing（猜测词义）,词汇线索：前缀、后缀、词干 e.g. Most flags have a compact, rectangular shape and instinct visu

7、al symbolism. Their strong colors and geometric patterns are usually instantly recognizable even if miniaturized to less than a square centimeter. The word miniaturized in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. publicized B. colored C. made brighter D. made smaller,Guessing（猜测词义）,2结构线索 ）定义（be) e

8、.g. The Celtic religion centered on the worship of a pantheon of nature deities. Their religious ceremonies included animal sacrifices and various forms of magic. Druids were the priests who led the people in this highly ritualistic worship The word Druids in the passage is closest in meaning to _.

9、A. deities B. ceremonies C. sacrifices D. priests,Guessing（猜测词义）,2结构线索 2）同义词/解释（and / or) e.g. In accordance with many psychologist, phobias, or irrational fears represent, or are symbolic of repressed anxiety. The word phobia in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. psychologist B. fear C. sym

10、bol D. treatment,Guessing 4 (猜测词义),2结构线索 3）同位语（，） e.g. It is believed to have originated among the Egyptians, probably before 4000B.C., and was used by them for more than 30 centuries. Seventeenth-century attempts to preserve anatomical specimens brought about modern techniques of embalming, the pre

11、servation of the body tissue after death by artificial chemical means. The word embalming in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. death by a chemical means B. the preservation of body tissue C. a common agent related to formaldehyde D. the replacement of body fluids,Guessing 5（猜测词义）,2结构线索 4）从句

12、 e.g. The Pueblo Indians are those who dwell in pueblos, a name derived from the Spanish word for village. The pueblo is usually built against the face of a cliff and generally consists of connected houses rising in a series of receding terraces. The roof of one house is the yard or patio of the nex

13、t house. The kiva, where Pueblo Indians hold their secret ceremonies, is entered by an opening in the roof The word kiva in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. patio B. ceremonial room C. series of terraces D. Pueblo Indian village,Guessing 6（猜测词义）,2结构线索 5）罗列（，） e.g. If someone is said to hav

14、e “a chip on his shoulder”, he is angry, pugnacious, sullen, and looking for trouble. The word pugnacious in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. friendly B. aggressive C. sociable D. responsible,Guessing 7（猜测词义）,2结构线索 6）举例 (like, such as, for example, for instance) e.g. However, for outdoor e

15、nthusiasts who want to get far from civilization, choosing camping paraphernalia such as tents, sleeping bags, cooking implements and other supplies should be done with care. The word paraphernalia in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. equipment B. food supplies C. sleeping bags D. campsites

16、,Guessing 8（猜测词义）,2结构线索 7）对比比较(but, however, whereas, on the other hand, despite, in spite of , or, rather, alternatively, nevertheless, unlike, while, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, differently) e.g. The campanile is chiefly a medieval form of Italian architecture. Built in conn

17、ection with a church or town hall, it served as a belfry, watchtower, and sometimes a civil monument. Unlike other bell towers that are attached to buildings, the campanile generally stand s as detached unit. The word campanile in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. church B. town hall C. tow

18、er D. unit,Guessing 9（猜测词义）,2结构线索 8）标点符号(，（）“”) e.g. At the age of 19, Galileo discovered isochronism the principle in which each oscillation of a pendulum takes the same time despite changes in amplitude. The word isochronism in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. a principle B. an oscillati

19、on C. a pendulum D. an amplitude,Guessing10 （猜测词义）,2结构线索 9）指代关系 e.g. Many weeds are also hosts for disease-causing organisms. At least 50 different weed species fight off competitors by emitting toxins from their roots, leaves, or seeds. These poisons do their work in a variety of ways, such as inhi

20、biting germination of seeds and destroying photosynthesis abilities. The word toxins in the passage is closest in meaning to _. A. roots B. leaves C. seeds D. poisons,Guessing 11（猜测词义）,2结构线索 10）关键词 e.g. Nonresidential design concerns public spaces such as concert hall, banks, offices, building lobbi

21、es, theater, restaurants, hotels, and religious buildings. Many contract designers specialize in one or more of these areas. Accessories add interest to a room. They can accent or highlight an area and give a room beauty and personality. The word accessories in the passage is closest in meaning to _

22、. A. things that build a house B. things that destroy a room C. things that improve a room D. things that coat a house,Guessing12（猜测词义）,3语境线索 1）狭义语境线索 在一个句子范围内，该词语前后的语言单位（该词语所属的语法结构） 1. The house was surprisingly sound, though it was more than two hundred years old. 2. These people are mentally soun

23、d, but physically handicapped. 3. Industrial expansion is a very sound investment in present society. 4. In the end, the enemy force suffered a sound defeat and soon withdrew from the front. 5. I believe that its sound for boys and girls to have basically the same education. 6. Fortunately, my wife

24、was safe and sound after her ordeal.,Guessing13（猜测词义）,3语境线索 2）广义语境线索 超越一个句子范围，它可以是句群、段落、章节甚至整篇文章。 A statesman is a wise, experienced and respected political leader. “Mothers may still want their favorite sons to grow up to be President, but . . . they do not want them to become politicians in the pr

25、ocess”,Today, boys try to prove they are men in many different ways. Long ago, it was not hard for some boys to know they had become men. American Indians had ceremonies and tests for boys to prove they were men. In one tribe, boys were given drugs which made them see visions of the gods. Having a v

26、ision was the first step toward being a man. In another tribe, boys had to prove that they could stand pain. They had to lie still on ground covered with ants and let the ants bite them again and again. When the Indian boys had been through these ceremonies and tests, they knew they were men.,Milita

27、ry awards have long been considered symbolic of royalty, and thus when the United States was a young nation just finished with revolution and eager to distance itself from anything tasting of monarchy, there was strong sentiment against military decoration. For a century, from the end of the Revolut

28、ionary War until the Civil War, the United States awarded no military honors. The institution of the Medal of Honor in 1861 was a source of great discussion and concern. From the Civil War until World War I, the Medal of Honor was the only military award given by the United States government, and to

29、day it is awarded only in the most extreme cases of heroism. Although the United States is still somewhat wary of granting military awards, several awards have been instituted since World War I. The authors main purpose in this paragraph is to _. A. describe the history of military awards prior to t

30、he Civil War B. demonstrate an effect of Americas attitude toward royalty C. give an opinion of military awards D. outline various historical symbols of royalty,阅读中应解决的问题,1Vocabulary (词汇）一个一般性词的意义 2Terms（术语）特定词或词组的意义 3Paraphrase （释义）最佳的陈述 4Reference （指代）一个代词所指代的原文中的词 5. Detail（细节）细节要点 6. Cause（原因）解释

31、某种情况或事件是如何发生的 7. True-False（正误）确定正确的陈述 8. Purpose （目的）理解作者为什么要这样组织文章 9. Opinion (观点）认清作者的观点 10. Inference（推理）根据原文信息作出相应的结论 11. Exception（排除）选择一个原文中未被提及的陈述 12. Insert （插入）将一句话插入文章中正确的位置 13. Classification（分类）将多个短语所属类别进行匹配 14. Summary（摘要）完成所考查文章的摘要,题型分析,一、基础理解题 二、篇章应用题,题型分析,1. Vocabulary Questions 词汇题

32、 目的：考查根据上下文理解特定词和短语的能力 特点：难度不大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）该题型考查的词汇范围很广，涉及大学水平所有的学科及专业出现频率非常高,例子：Some poisonous snake bites need to be treated immediately or the victim will suffer paralysis In stating that the victim will suffer paralysis the author means that the victim will A. lose the ability to move

33、B. become unconscious C. undergo shock D. feel great pain,题型分析2,2.Reference Questions 指代题 目的：检测考生确定某个代词或形容词的指代对象的能力（代词和指示形容词可以用来指代句子或前后句子以及段落篇章中的其他名词，这种语法现象被称为指代） 特点：难度不大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率非常高 该题型考查的词汇种类很多，第三人称主格宾格物主代词反身代词；关系代词和副词（that, which, who, whom, whose, where, when);指示代词或形容词(this, th

34、at, these, those);量词以及其他形式(all, none, a few, the last, several, many etc.).,例子： These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides, they could hardly be considered containers in any tradi

35、tional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits The word they in the passage refers to A. applied-art objects B. the laws of

36、 physics C. containers D. the sides of pots,题型分析3,3.Factual Information Questions 事实信息题 目的：检测考生抓住文章中阐明的信息并排除干扰回答问题的能力 特点：有一定难度，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率非常高 该类问题的选项通常是对事实性信息的复述即正确答案通常是文章意思的同义转述(paraphrases)答案通常按行文顺序排列，问题通常会示意答案会在哪段中出现 “”).,例子： Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia that was set

37、tled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown. In the beginning, the colony at Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of its location in the middle of a Peninsula between two rivers, the York and the James.

38、The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists because the soil drainage was better there than at the Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes. According to the passage, the colonists chose Williamsburg because _ . A. it was in England B. there were no nearby rivers C. there

39、 were lots of mosquitoes D. the soil drained well,题型分析4,. Negative Factual Information Questions 否定事实信息题 目的：检测考生对于事实性信息的理解和甄别的能力根据文章中阐明的信息，判断什么信息是正确的或错误的或文章中没有提到的 特点：有一定难度，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率一般 该类问题通常要求考生判断个选项中哪一个在文章中没有出现过(Not mentioned / included)或是不真实的(Not true)或是错误的(False).词类问题中通常包含NOT, EX

40、CEPT, LEAST三种形式,例子：It is true, in English, that there are many different kinds of expressions that people use to give a name to anything whose name is unknown or momentarily forgotten. The word gadget is one such word. It was first used by British sailors in the 1850s and probably came from the Fren

41、ch word gachette, which was a small hook. In everyday use, the word has a more general meaning. Other words are also used to give a name to something unnamed or unknown, and these words tend to be somewhat imaginative. Which of the following is NOT true about the word gadget? A. it is used to name s

42、omething when the name is not known. B. It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century. C. it most likely came from a word in the French language. D. Its first known use was by British sailors.,题型分析 5,5. Inference Questions 推理题 目的：检测考生根据已知内容进行推理引申的能力 特点：难度很大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率非常高 该题型

43、的特征是文章中有些论点观点没有明确阐述，但却明确暗示出来了例如，知道结果，推论造成结果的起因；文中有比较，要求推断比较的基础；文中对某一新现象有明确阐述，可能要求推论旧现象的特征,例子：The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process

44、was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid od

45、or. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles Which of the following can be inferred about candles before the nineteenth century? A. they did not smoke when they were burned. B. They produced a pleasant odor as they burned. C.

46、They were not available to all. D. They contained sulfuric acid.,题型分析 6,6. Rhetorical Purpose Questions 修辞目的题 目的：检测考生能够识别和确认作者为什么要在文章中某一处以某种特殊方式陈述某个信息的能力即考查考生通过文章表面特定的修辞方法或方式发掘作者潜在目的的能力 特点：难度很大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率一般 这里的修辞，不是一般意义上的修辞方式，如明喻、暗喻、拟人等，而是指作者运用语言陈述内容是所采用的一些比较灵活、相对特殊的写作手法，如举例、对比、类比等。,

47、例子： Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor. These are problems that must be overc

48、ome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in

49、 the early Italian Renaissance? A. to provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that an artist tries to overcome. B. To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics. C. To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to t

50、he laws of physics. D. To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology.,题型分析 ,7. Sentence Simplification Questions 简化句子题 目的：检测考生识别文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力即考察句法（syntax)和同义转述(paraphrase)的能力。 特点：难度很大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分全部为单选题（选）出现频率较高 句法的考查主要集中在基本句型、结构和常见的

51、句子修饰的手法上。 同义转述的能力指的是考生能够用不同的语言表达方式传达同样的意义。,例子：The uneven distribution of food resources is a large and growing problem in the world today. Starvation is widespread in the Third world because of climate change, natural disasters, political turmoil, and wars all of which disrupt food production and ca

52、use mass migrations of refugees. People who are uprooted cannot grow food, and those who are poor cannot buy it. At the other end of the scale, modern industrial societies account for most of the consumption of the worlds resources, although within these societies the resources are distributed uneve

53、nly among people of different classes. Both wealthy societies and wealthy individuals consume most goods and services, but they also produce most of the worlds hazardous waste. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices

54、 change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. Food cannot be grown in some regions because the soil is too poor. B. Refugees are unable to produce food, and poor people cannot afford food. C. People cannot survive solely on root crops. Which are poor in nutrients. D. S

55、ome people can relocate to find food, but poor people have nowhere to go.,题型分析 8,8. Insert Text Questions 插入文本题 目的：检测考生将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。 特点：难度相当大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值分出现频率较高 考生必须深入理解各个句子见的逻辑、词汇和语法联系。是国内考试常见的Cloze Test在语篇层次上的发展。综合性强，耗时较多。,Look at the four squares that indicate where the following se

56、ntence could be added to the passage. All three of them have strengths and weaknesses, but none adequately answers all of the questions of the paintings present. Where would the sentence best fit? Scholars offer three related but different opinions about this puzzle. One opinion is that the painting

57、s were a record of the seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over other, obliterating them, it is probably that a paintings value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations

58、were celebrated with secret ceremonies. ,题型分析 9,9. Prose summary 文章摘要题 目的：检测考生理解全篇中心思想和相关重要信息的能力。 特点：难度相当大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值较高，（个正确选项的分，个得分，个以下得分）出现频率一般 考生通过区分主要和次要观点，以及文章没有提及的观点达到总结全片的目的。,题型分析 10,10. Schematic Table Items 表格题 目的：检测考生从文章中归纳和组织重要但分散 的观点和其他相关重要信息的能力。 特点：难度相当大，一般每篇文章后有道题分值较高，- 4分）出现频率一般 考生不

59、但要选出正确的选项，还要将其填入表格中的正确位置，根据选出答案的多少，得到不同的分数。,解题攻略,1.词汇题 2. 指代题 3. 事实信息题 4. 否定事实信息题 5. 推理题 6. 修辞目的题 7. 简化句子题 8. 插入文本题 9. 文章摘要题 10. 完成图表题,解题攻略词汇题,常见题样： The word/ phrase X in the passage is closest in meaning to The word/ phrase X in the passage could be best replaced by The word/ phrase X in the passage means In stating X, the author means that ,解题攻略词汇题,解题策略： ）利用高亮显示，迅速定位词汇