Book III Unit 2.ppt

1、New Horizon College EnglishReading and WritingBOOK III,Unit Two Section A TEXT Iron and the Effects of Exercise,Background Information Minerals: Natures Gift to Man Minerals are organic substances that are required in small quantities by the body to support the various chemical reactions taking plac

2、e all the time. They are needed for the normal growth and the development of the body and are found in all the cells and tissues. More than fifty chemical elements are found in the human body, which are required for the growth, repair and regulation of vital body functions.,Types of Minerals: Major

3、Minerals: They are those elements which have a daily requirement of more than 100 mg. They include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Minor Minerals: They are also known as trace minerals and have a daily requirement of less than 100 mg. They include iron, iodine, fluorine, zinc,

4、copper cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, nickel, tin, silicon and vanadium.,Functions of Minerals: Calcium(钙): It is the major mineral element of the body and constitutes 1.5 to 2 percent of the body weight of an adult human. An average adult body contains about 1200 g of calcium of

5、 which 98 percent is found in the bones. The developing fetus(胎儿) requires 30 mg of calcium. Calcium is required for the formation of bones and teeth, coagulation(凝固、凝结 ) of blood, contraction of muscles and milk production. It helps in the transmission of message from the cell surface membrane to t

6、he biochemical machinery within,the cell and facilitates the metabolism(代谢) of enzymes(酶). Food sources of calcium include cheese, curd, skimmed milk, eggs and fish. Phosphorus(磷): It is essential for the formation of bones and teeth. It plays an important part in all metabolic reactions. Sodium(钠):

7、 It is found in all body fluids. The adult body contains about 100 g of sodium ion(离子). It occurs naturally in several foods and is also added to food during cooking in the form of sodium chloride.,Magnesium(镁): It is constituent of bones and is present in all body cells. Iron(铁): The adult human bo

8、dy contains 3 to 4 g of iron, of which about 60 to 70 percent is present in blood as circulating iron. It is necessary for the formation of hemoglobin(血红素), brain development and function, regulation of temperature and muscle activity. Iodine(碘): It is an essential micro-nutrient, required for the s

9、ynthesis of the thyroid(甲状腺) hormones, thyroxine(甲状腺素), and triiodothyronine(T4细胞). Iodine is essential in minute amounts for the normal growth and development and well being of all humans.,Copper(铜): It is widely distributed in nature and is present between 100 and 150 mg in the human body. Disorde

10、r in the element may result in Wilsons disease(威尔森氏症) and protein energy malnutrition. Zinc(锌): It is a component of several enzymes in the human body. It is active in the metabolism of glucides(糖类) and protein and is required for the synthesis of insulin(胰岛素) by the pancreas(胰脏) and for immunity. C

11、hromium(铬): The total content of chromium is less than 6 mg. It is known to enhance the metabolism of carbohydrates(碳水化合物) and insulin function.,Selenium: (硒）It is an important trace mineral found in the human body. Its deficiency may result in protein-energy malnutrition. Minerals are not synthesiz

12、ed in the body in sufficient amount and therefore must be supplied by the diet. More information about iron. As the text deals with iron and exercises, here is more information about iron.,What is anemia? Anemia is a condition in which you dont have enough red blood cells. The most common cause is n

13、ot enough iron in your diet or losing iron because of heavy menstrual periods. With anemia, you may feel weak and tired a lot, and you may look pale. Your health care provider may recommend a multivitamin with iron if it looks like you are not getting enough. You are most at risk for anemia when you

14、 dont eat enough foods rich in iron. If you are already anemic, your health care provider will probably suggest an iron supplement, taken several times a day.,Why do I need iron? Iron is one of 20 minerals found in food. It is stored in your liver, spleen(脾脏) and bone marrow. If your body lacks iron

15、, it cannot make enough hemoglobin (血红素), which is the substance in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body and brain. Iron boosts your immune system, helping fight infections, and is vital for normal growth and intellectual development in children. If you do not have enough, you may la

16、ck energy and get sick often. Iron is also needed for optimum brain function in adults.,Who is at risk? You may develop iron deficiency if you do not eat iron-rich foods for a long period of time. People need more iron at certain times, such as in adolescence, pregnancy or when exercising a lot. Iro

17、n deficiency can be due to lengthy illness or losing blood from heavy periods or stomach ulcers bleeding from some cancers is a rare but important cause. Your doctor can check you have no serious cause for deficiency. Drugs (eg. aspirin and some anti-inflammatory) can also cause bleeding in the gut.

18、,Girls and women Women need more iron because of blood loss during their periods. They also need more than double the usual intake of iron during pregnancy. Women (or men) who follow restrictive or fad (嗜好) diets can become iron deficient. Infants and young children Iron deficiency is extremely comm

19、on in preschool children, with up to a quarter of those under three years of age suffering,from iron-deficiency anemia. This can have a permanent impact on brain development, making such children less able to learn. Iron-deficient youngsters may also not gain enough weight, have problems with feedin

20、g and digestion, get tired easily and be more prone to infections and illness. Children between six and 24 months are at greatest risk.,Teenagers Teenagers need extra nutrients to fuel growth spurts, but they are also more likely to have a poor diet. Athletes Iron is lost through excessive sweating

21、and some athletes (particularly those for whom weight is an issue) may have unbalanced diets.,Two sides of Iron Iron has a good side and a bad side. We obviously need the stuff, but it is reactive, and in the body it is well insulated from undesirable chemical reactions by being trapped in a “heme(亚

22、铁血红素)ring”. The iron we eat in supplements is not considered a good idea unless you are proven to be iron-deficient.,Then how did the article come into existence? 1. It has long been taken for granted that exercise does us no harm but good. 2. And few of us are clear about how to deal effectively wi

23、th the problem. 3. Thus, it is still unknown to us that exercise may result in iron deficiency. As a result, the writer feels that there is much need for us to know better about it.,Now lets discuss the text. HOW MANY PARTS is the text made up of? WHAT is the main idea of each part? The text can be

24、divided into three parts. Part I (paras. 1 to 3) Main Idea: Exercise, even moderate one, may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. Part II (paras. 4 to 6) Main Idea: Iron deficiency is very common among women and the general causes for it.,Part III (paras. 7 to 12) Main Idea: There are three s

25、tages of iron deficiency and specific ways are suggested to correct iron deficiency.,Structure Analysis Part I : controlling ides + supporting details Part II: one effect + two causes Part III: problems + suggested solutions The writer tackles the topic in accord with the pattern of “problem-effect-

26、cause-suggestion”. The text starts with a newly-found problem with exerciseiron loss; then follow analyses of both causes and consequences of the problem; and it ends up by giving advice on how to remedy the problem.,What is the problem? even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood o

27、f women. Who are the sufferers of iron deficiency? One fourth of the female teenagers, one fifth of women aged 18 to 45, up to 80% of female athletes and women of childbearing age. Health-conscious women who reject recommended red meat which contains most easily absorbed form of iron.,What are the c

28、auses of iron deficiency? The average women takes in only 2/3 of the recommended daily allowance of iron. Exercise result in iron loss through variety of mechanisms. What are the symptoms of iron deficiency? For the first stage, there is no typical symptom. For the second stage, the sufferers may fe

29、el fatigue, and their performance is poor.,For the third and final stage, they may feel weak, tired, out of breath and their exercise performance is severely compromised. What advice is offered in the text to solve the problem? It is advisable for people in these groups to have an annual blood test

30、to check blood iron reserves. If iron levels are low, they should consult a physician to see what should be done, either by modifying their diet or taking supplements.,It is better to correct the deficiency by taking iron-rich foods coupled with foods that are rich in vitamin C, which can enhance th

31、e amount of iron absorbed. In short, people should pay much more attention to their food choice.,Summary It is not infrequent for the bodies of endurance athletes to be deficient in iron. In particular, female athletes often have this problem. Even moderate exercise can cause the problem. A study in

32、dicated that formerly inactive women showed a decrease in iron levels. Iron deficiency affects many women, including exercising women, health-conscious women, etc. There are three stages of iron deficiency. However, most people with low iron reserves dont know they have a,deficiency. So its advisabl

33、e for people to have a yearly blood test. In addition, people are suggested to modify their diet or take supplements such as adding more iron-rich foods.,Words and Expressions 1. moderate adj. (l. 3) 1) neither very big nor very small in amount, quality, degree, etc. 中等的、适度的 他曾是一个中等水平的学生，但现在却是班里的最好学

34、生之一。 He was a student of moderate ability, but now is one of the top ones in the class. 事故发生时，该车正以中速行驶。 At time of accident, the car was traveling at a moderate speed.,2) reasonable and avoiding extreme opinions or actions 温和的 她说话的语气非常温和。 The tone of her speech was quite moderate. 两国都号召温和地对待 使用武力问题。

35、 Both countries have called for a moderate approach to the use of force. 2.evidence un. (l. 6) facts or physical signs that help to prove sth. 有迹象表明全球正在变暖。,There is some evidence that global warming is occurring. 意志坚强和自信的人通常对生活表现出乐观的心态。 Those with strong will and self-confidence usually show evidenc

36、e of optimism about life. Collocation a body / piece/mass of v + evidence have, find, accumulate, collect, gather, obtain, produce, consider, examine, study, review, cite, hear, see, admit, exclude, look for, search for, come up with, offer/show/give (sb.) provide (sb. with),evidence + v exist, emer

37、ge, accumulate, grow, come to light, demonstrate/confirm/show/suggest/support/ point to sth., 3. to bounce back (l. 11) to feel better or successful after experiencing sth. bad 恢复健康、振作起来 年轻人应该能从挫折中恢复过来。 Young people should be able to bounce back from their setbacks.,在输了两场之后，他们振作起来赢了比赛。(tournament) A

38、fter losing two games, they bounced back to win the tournament. 4. respectively ad. (l. 14) separately in the order mentioned 分别地、各自地 狄克、汤姆和约翰分别为6岁、8岁和10岁。 Dick, Tom and John are 6, 8, and 10 years old respectively. 尼克和玛丽分别得到玩具枪和泰迪熊。,Nick and Mary were given a toy gun and teddy bear respectively. 一、

39、二、三等奖分别授予詹姆斯、马克和彼得。 The first, second and third prizes went to James, Mark and Peter respectively. cf. respective adj. 各自的 麦克和丽莎决定探望各自的母亲。 Mike and Lisa were going to visit their respective mothers. 那三个人按其各自的能力被安排工作。 The three men were given work according to their respective abilities.,5. to take i

40、n (l. 17) HERE：to absorb into the body 吸收 This phrasal verb has many meanings and, in most cases, is a separable phrasal verb. You should keep in mind the rest commonly used meanings, which are: 1) to change as to make smaller or tighter; 2) to provide a place to live for; 3) to grasp the meaning of

41、 ,comprehend; 4) to observe, notice; 5) to deceive, trick, cheat; 6) to visit or attend for entertainment;,6. to restrict v. (l. 21) to limit the size or amount of sth. 限制、 控制 人们认为新法律会限制人们更多的自由。 People feel that this new law will restrict their freedom. 消防员试图控制着火的地区但没有成功。 Firemen tried to restrict t

42、he area of blaze but failed. Firemen failed to restrict the area of blaze. restrict to 仅限于、限制在；仅限知道,7. to be liable to (l. 22) to be likely to experience or do something, often something unpleasant or hazardous 可能(to v); 容易得,可能会受到(n) 人易患疾病。 Man is liable to diseases. 近朱者赤,近墨者黑。 One is liable to take

43、 on the color of ones company. (not very good) Evil company is liable to corrupt good manners. Purity begets purity, like begets like,8. to tip sb. over the edge (ll. 25-26) to make someone so unhappy that they cant deal with their life or a situation any longer 使某人受不了/使某人难过得不得了: 由于经济危机，许多公司处于破产的边缘。

44、 Because of financial crisis, many companies were tipped over the edge of bankruptcy. 过多的压力使她处于崩溃的边缘。 Too much pressure tipped her over the edge of breakdown. 因为不能应付日常生活，他们处于崩溃的边缘。,Not being able to cope with everyday life, they were tipped over the edge of break- down. 9. impact n. (l. 29) an effec

45、t or influence 影响 她的论文探讨了全球变暖可能带来的影响。 Her paper deals with the likely impact of global warming. 他的演说对听众产生了很大的影响。 His speech made a great impact on the audience.,collocation: v + impact: achieve, create, exert, have, make, feel, analyze, assess, evaluate, study, examine, judge, consider, explore, mea

46、sure, monitor, increase, enhance, maximize, lose, lessen, reduce, soften, weaken, diminish, resist, withstand, appreciate, predict, reflect, be concerned about,10. to compromise vt. (l. 38) to expose somebody or something to danger risk harming or losing sth. 和解、妥协、折中处理; 损害、伤害 ( be compromised: be a

47、ffected) 有些药物会使免疫系统受损。 Some drugs can compromise the immune system. 他重新获选的机会因绯闻而大打折扣。 His chances of reelection were compromised by the scandal.,11. sufficient adj. (l. 46) enough 足够的、充分的 没有足够的证据证明他有罪。 There is no sufficient evidence to show that he is guilty。 What if you had a lot of money? With su

48、fficient money, I would collocation v: be, prove, seem, sound, consider sth., regard sth. as, see sth. as,12. advisable adj. (l. 51) that should be done in order to avoid problems, sensible, recommended 明智的、应该的、可取的 喝酒不可过量。 It is not advisable to drink too much. 此刻保持一定的勇气是应该的。 A certain amount of cou

49、rage is advisable at this point. 我认为还不应该开始。 I dont think it advisable to start yet.,Note: In the pattern “It is advisable that” subjunctive mood is used in “that” clause. 让汤姆做这项工作是明智的。 It is advisable that Tom (should) be assigned the job. 他现在离开是明智的。 It is advisable that he leave now. collocation: v

50、: be, seem, consider sth., think sth., We thought it advisable to seek his help.,13. to modify vt. (l. 54) to make small change to improve 改进、修改 这个训练计划已经做了修改，以使学生受益。 The training program has been modified to the benefits of the students. 总统被迫改变了他的主张。 The president has been forced to modify his posit

51、ion.,14. to undo vt. (l. 55) 1) to remove the bad effects of sth. 取消、消除 错已铸成，无可挽回。 The mistake has been made and cant be undone. 他只用十分钟就使我做的工作付之东流。 In ten minutes, he undid all my work. 2) to untie, or unfasten buttons, knots, belts, etc. 解开、打开、松开 我解开了白衬衫上的扣子。 I undid the buttons of my white shirt.,

52、15. to select vt. (l. 61) synonyms choose indicating a strong will prefer a state of desire or approval Produce(谨慎) or generosity may lead one to choose what he does not prefer. select implying careful consideration of the reasons of the choice pick implying to select personally pick out selecting f

53、rom a quantity or number elect confined to political sense, implying many selecting from a few single out to choose one from others,16. to recommend vt. (l. 65) to urge, or suggest as proper, useful 推荐、建议 (v + n; v + sb. + to v; v + v-ing; v + that ) 他们推荐自己的家乡作为度假的好地方。 They recommend their hometown

54、as good place for a holiday. 丽莎建议我们去度假。 Lisa recommended us to take a holiday. Lisa recommended taking a holiday. Lisa recommended that we (should) take a holiday.,17. to derive from (l. 66) vt. to obtain (especially a feeling or an advantage) from 获得、 取得、得到 vi. to come from 来源于、源自 这个市镇沿河而建，由此得名。 Th

55、e town derives its name from the river on which it was built. 有些人从帮助他人中得到快乐，他便是其中之一。 He is one of those people who can derive pleasure from helping others.,What can be derived from ones idleness in youth will evolve into more and more sadness with age. 年轻时的懒散给人之感受，将随着岁月的演变而日益加重的悲伤。 年轻时懒散的收获终将成为年老时日益

56、加重的悲伤。 This word derives from a Greek noun with a quite different meaning. 这个词源于一个希腊语的名词，但词义却完全不同。 Authority derives from the will of the people. 权威来自于人民的意志。,18. to interfere with (l. 70) 1) to prevent sth. or slow down the progress 2) to touch or change sth. without permission 很多人认为科学家不该做干涉大自然的事。 M

57、any people feel that scientists shouldnt interfere with nature. 网络游戏妨碍他的学习。 Playing net games interferes with his study. 不要摆弄我的照相机。 Dont interfere with my camera, please.,Comparison interfere in sth. 指别人未请而自己主动参与 interfere with sth. 指阻碍事情发生 I have never interfered in his affair. 我从不干预他的事。 19. (to) r

58、emedy vt. n. (l. 74) vt. to correct or improve a situation 补救、纠正、治疗 要立即纠正这个错误。 Efforts to remedy this fault must begin right away.,热疗据说是治疗感冒最好的方法。 Warmth is said to be the best way to remedy a cold. n. 1) a cure for pain or minor illness (for) 2) a way of dealing with a problem (against, for) colloc

59、ation: v + remedy 1) take, use, need, prepare, prescribe sb., give sb. v + remedy 2) have, pursue, seek, exhaust, create, offer, resort to, afford sb., grant sb., provide sb. with,absolute structure (独立结构) (L68) The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times. The absolute structure is used here to add more inf