浏览该文件-西安电子科技大学-电子工程系首页.ppt

1、1,做学问与写论文How to do research and how to write papers,高新波 西安电子科技大学电子工程学院 School of E.E., Xidian Univ. ,2,提纲,如何做研究 如何投稿 如何撰写论文,3,一、如何做研究,How to do research,4,What Is Research?,研究方向 具体研究课题 解决方法,5,做学问的三个境界,昨夜西风凋碧树，独上高楼，望断天涯路 衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴 众里寻她千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处 王国维人间词话,6,The Fun,Keep yours

2、elf motivated everyday Believe in what your are doing Be excited about your project Find interesting people Research is not bigger than life Have a life,7,做学问的三各层次,一流高手提问题； 二流高手解问题； 三流高手抄问题。,8,How to do research?,Choose a good topic Master the state of the art Good idea Sound supports Reasonable exp

3、lanations ,9,What is a good topic?,A real problem, not a toy problem Topic connected to existing research Topic related to products You have interests in Potentially useful Not outdated Significant, yet manageable Neither too big nor too trivial Solid theoretical work, or Good empirical results Or b

4、oth,10,How to master the state of the art?,Query your advisor or senior researchers International communication attend conferences, personal communications Reading about 20 papers for a new area ,11,How to read?,Books by leading experts Tutorials Good surveys Classic papers Very related papers,12,Ha

5、ppy Read,Need to know the state-of-the-art Read a lot Read selectively Find the key ideas in the paper Understand the motivation of the paper Learn how to write a good paper,13,How to get reading materials?,Library IEEE, Elsevier, Kluwer, Springer Internet authors URL, Institutions URL, search engin

6、e, mailing lists, Email the author Your friends abroad ,14,What is a good idea?,Original Useful Reasonable Feasible A real progress instead of trivial improvement A good idea is the core of good research,15,Where are good ideas,Depth-first: 枪扎一条线 Breadth-first: 棍扫一大片 Cross-disciplinary,16,When you g

7、et an idea, Dont realize it immediately, instead, you should,Check whether the work has already been done by others Ask yourself: Is it feasible? Bad idea will kill life Lay the idea aside, come back a month later and ask yourself: Are there better topics? Are there better ideas? Is the idea feasibl

8、e? If all the answers are “yes”, then realize the idea a.s.a.p. In this way, the chances of failure will be greatly lowered,17,What are sound supports?,Solid theoretic analysis Solid experiments Well-defined experiments Benchmark tests Data sets available to other researchers Comparisons Repeatable

9、results,18,Why explanations?,Strength and weakness How/when strong Why strong How/when weak Why weak No work is perfect,19,如何做好研究,Establish goal Think simple 可简单、生动地描述研究问题 分解为一些子问题，逐个击破 Hand-on Experiment and build prototype Use scientific methodology and tools Collaborate Document results,20,简单生动的描

10、述,不是 “图形学”，“图像学”，“语音” “网络”，“多媒体” 是 “让计算机能听懂任何人的语音” “从照片推出三维环境” “使多媒体的浏览与文本浏览一样简单”,21,科学的方法,基础研究是： 想着做事情 经过科学手段、大量的数据、可重复的深入研究 研究、理解、借用前人的结果 经过亲自设计工程原型证实对用户有用 承认失败，从头再来 专家带头，梯队联合攻关,基础研究不是 坐着想事情 肤浅的、无用的、无法扩张 的简单结果 不看别人的研究，或者抄袭别人的研究 理论的，没用的纸上谈兵 不承认失败，永无止境的延续研究 博士生带头，本科生编程,22,分为子问题，逐个击破,浏览多媒体 多媒体-视频 视频-

11、新闻 将来：体育、音乐 浏览的前提 结构化 音频分析、语者分析、视频分析 将来：语音识别、人脸识别 用户界面,23,Hands-on,Research is a process Hands-on coding and experiment of our ideas Experiment design and data collecting are important processes of research Junior students are extension of our team,24,Talk Is NOT Cheap,It is very important to commun

12、icate Help you clarify what your idea really is Get constructive feedback Help you build critical skills Find sympathetic ears Force your advisor/boss to listen Listen to your colleagues,25,二、如何投稿,How to submit your paper,26,Why publishing is hard?,Publishing paper is critical for researchers Publis

13、hing is hard: Difference between thought and language Low acceptance rate Competing with good papers Reviewers is potential competitors Revisions: Never be perfect,27,How to choose a target?,Know the hierarchy of publications in your area International Journal For formal evaluation and archival Conf

14、erence For quick presentation and interaction Native Journal,28,International Journals,top international journals such as Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning most are milestone works first-class international journals such as JAIR, IEEE Transactions most are significant works second-class inte

15、rnational journals such as most journals of Elsevier, Kluwer, some of Springer most are very good works third-class international journals most international journals most are good works Other journals,29,Conference,top conferences such as IJCAI, ICCV comparable to first-class international journals

16、 first-class conferences most ACM Conferences, Some IEEE Conferences, etc. comparable to second-class international journals second-class conferences most IEEE Conferences, etc. comparable to third-class international journals third-class conferences most international conferences held in China,30,N

17、ative Journals,top native journals 中国科学，科学通报，自然科学进展 comparable to second-class international journals first-class native journals 电子学报，计算机学，报软件学报，自动化学报，etc. comparable to third-class international journals second-class native journals 计算机研究与发展，模式识别与人工智能，西电学报， comparable to third-class international

18、conferences third-class native journals 计算机科学，小型微型计算机系统，etc. Other journals,31,Journal & Conference papers,Journals are archival publications Dont write two journal papers with a same idea! Invited, regular, correspondence usually about 1/2 proportions are experiments Conferences are intended for co

19、mmunication Papers can be expanded to journal papers Keynote, Plenary, oral, poster fewer experiments than journal papers Dont care SCI & EI, to be cited is more important !,32,How to submit your paper?,Great work submit to top international journals, top conferences, first class international journ

20、als Very good work submit to second-class international journals, first-class conferences, top native journals Good work submit to third-class international journals, second-class conferences, first-class native journals Moreover, ,33,Knowing the review criterion may be helpful,most papers will be r

21、eviewed by at least 3 reviewers that are experts in your area best papers: accept without change about 1% very good papers: accept with minor change about 3% good papers: accept with major change about 6% potential good papers: reject with resubmission encouragement about 25% about 15% papers will b

22、e rejected without review Remember that most competing papers are good ones,34,Review form 1: CSTV,35,Review form 1: CSTV,36,Review form 2,37,In summary, reviewers will check:,Does the paper introduce a new problem or provide a new solution to an existing one? What is the main result of this paper?

23、Is the result significant? Is the paper technically sound? Does the paper provide an assessment of the strength and weakness of the results? Is the paper clearly written so as to accessible by most researchers in this area? Does the paper refer appropriate related works? Dont fool the reviewers !,38

24、,Rebuttal,When you submit a rebuttal Point-by-point detailed response to each reviewer Constructive and positive Clear and to-the-point（中肯的） Responsive (1 month) It is fine to disagree with the reviewers, AE may be on your side You need to make some compromise, but not on principles It is your paper

25、,39,Misconceptions 1:,The more, the better Dont provide too much “new” ideas in a paper. Try your best to focus the readers on your core work.,40,Misconceptions 2:,The bigger, the better A revolution, a breakthrough, paradigm shift, ,41,Misconceptions 3:,The more complex, the better Try to make your

26、 paper easy to be understood. Remember: You are showing your thoughts instead of confusing the readers Mathematical language is to help you clearly express your thoughts when natural languages cannot,42,Misconceptions 4:,The more selling, the better Dont exaggerate too much on your work. The readers

27、 will judge it for you. The first-ever, the best, unprecedented, ,43,Misconceptions 5:,The more authoritative, the better Dont refer too much own works while ignoring others.,44,三、如何撰写论文,How to write paper,45,撰写科技论文的重要性,交流 科学技术进步大多数都要通过论文表达出来的，撰写论文主要是与同行交流，既是介绍作者的工作促进科学技术进步，也是吸收别人意见改进作者工作的重要步骤。 提高 撰

28、写论文是对研究工作的整理、总结和精练的过程，是科技工作者提高自己水平的重要步骤。 训练科技写作是科技工作者必要的基本训练。,46,科技论文,从哲学意义讲： 在认识和改造客观世界的过程中，通过足够的、可以重复的实验，揭示事物的本质，并用文字表达出来。 通俗的表达： 科技论文是科学工作者对创造性成果进行理论分析和科学总结，并进行发表或答辩的文字表达形式。,47,科技论文,科技论文必须完整回答为什么研究（why），怎么样研究（how）和结果是什么（what)。 研究工作或实验总结与科技论文不同，总结在内容上可能更详细，但也不一定有创造性，也不一定发表，格式也不十分严格统一。 论文强调科学性、创造性、

29、逻辑性和有效性。,48,科技论文的基本特征（1）,科学性方法论上的特征 科学性是科技论文的生命。一是论文内容的科学性，表现为论文的内容是真实的，其数据是可以重复的。二是论文表述的科学性，即表达要明白准确。,49,科技论文的基本特征（2）,首创性科技论文的灵魂 论文中揭示的事物现象的本质、规律和特性，应该是前人未见的或部分未见的。也就是说文章要有所发现，有所发明，有所创造。,50,科技论文的基本特征（3）,逻辑性文章的结构 撰写科技论文应该思路清晰，结构严谨，数据图表完整可靠，文字通顺，最后要分析讨论、推理，提高到学术的高度，而不是象实验报告一样，成为数字、现象的简单堆砌。,51,科技论文的基本

30、特征（4）,有效性文章的表达方式 答辩后归档的论文、正式刊物发表的论文、发明专利论文，都会成为人类知识宝库中的一个组成部分。良好的文字表达正如园林布局，安排不当，索然无味；安排精巧，就会达到峰回路转，曲径通幽的美感。,52,如何选题,科学价值性科学是第一生产力 促进科学事业的发展 能解决生产中亟待解决的问题 边缘学科，前人研究不足或是空白的领域,53,如何开展工作（1）,充足资料的收集，课题背景 课题的来龙去脉，应尽可能从网上、图书馆开展调研。 例如：“模糊聚类分析”什么时候开展研究？为什么要开展？这个领域有哪些代表人物？至今研究分几个阶段，每个阶段的特色？目前达到什么水平？应用哪些仪器设备和

31、药品？还存在哪些问题？做到心中有数。,54,如何开展工作（2）,充足本人感兴趣 要激发自己的热情和充分发挥个人的主观能动性。 条件是否具备,55,如何开展工作（3）,开展研究工作 有计划性、目的性，长打算，短安排。 开展试验，利用先进手段。例如：正交试验设计，有机合成进行计算机模拟等等。 细心观察，善于发现问题，不断解决问题。 善于总结，有所提高和改进。 尽可能应用现代先进仪器，反映现代化的实验水平。,56,学术论文的写作,在得到充分实验数据以后，准备动手写论文，一般程序如下： 构思议题 拟定提纲 组织材料 初稿 修改定稿,57,When to write a paper?,Passion w

32、ith your subject Truly novel Concept / Algorithm / Procedure / Architecture Vision and survey that provide value for the research community Solid, mature, and sustainable results Compelled to speak and write,58,Outline of a paper,Problem X is important Previous works A, B, and C have been done A, B,

33、 and C have their weakness Your work D (Theoretic analysis of D) Comparison against A, B, and C Why D is better Strength and weakness of D Future works on D,59,A template,Abstract Introduction Review of previous works Your work (Theoretic analysis) Experiments and comparisons (Related works / Discus

34、sions) Conclusions Acknowledgements Appendix,60,Process of writing a paper,Top-down refinement A 3-4 level outline, adjust many times Start on Introduction, Previous works, Last: Summary, Abstract(Rethink), Title,61,文章长度,文章长度并无明确规定，一般科技期刊文章在4000-8000字（含图表），根据杂志和文章类别而定。综述文章多由编辑部门邀请权威撰写，涉及历史的回顾和未来的展望，

35、内容广泛，可以较长。,62,科技论文的篇名,用简洁恰当的词组反映文章的特定内容，明确无误 篇名简短，不超过20个字 少用研究和空洞应用之类字 避免用不熟悉的简称、缩写和公式等 例 “指纹特征的提取与剪枝” “基于提升方案与SPIHT的无失真图像压缩”,63,科技论文的摘要（1）,摘要能使读者不读全文既能获得必要的信息，即主题范围即内容梗概。它包含下列内容： 研究目的和重要性 研究完成哪些工作 基本结论、成果，新认识、新见解。 摘要文字要简练，约300400字（外文摘要250个实词） ；不讲过程，不用图表，不解释，不写化学结构式，不要自我评价，要使用第三人称，一气呵成。,64,科技论文的摘要（2

36、）,简明扼要，无废话； 用第三人称写，说明文章目的、方法、结果和结论，不应出现“本文”、“我们”、“作者”字眼，也不要有“首先” 、 “最后” 、 “简单” 、 “主要”和“次要”等修饰词； 文摘可单独发表，应有独立性和自明性，不得使用文章中的章节号、图号和表号等； 第一句不要重复文章篇名或已表述过的信息； 不能写常识性内容、过去情况和未来的计划，只写最新进展。,65,规范文摘例举,表面等离子体共振显微术的空间分辨力 XXX 摘要：对于相位探测的干涉型表面等离子体显微术（SPIM)和基于强度探测的常规表面等离子体显微术（SPM)的空间分辨力进行了较为系统的理论分析和比较，结果表明SPIM有较高

37、分辨力。在给定条件下，SPIM的最大纵向分辨力为0.212pm，是SPM的0.5倍。在纵向分辨力都为2pm条件下，SPIM的横向分辨力为0.002mm，为SPM 的0.5倍。,66,不妥文摘,本文是对过去老工艺的改进 本工作首次实现了 经检索尚为发现与本文类似工作 按USAN原则进行目标检测,67,关键词,4-6个反映文章特征内容，通用性比较强的词组 第一个为本文主要工作或内容，或二级学科 第二个为本文主要成果名称或若干成果类别名称 第三个为本文采用的科学研究方法名称，综述或评论性文章应为“综述”或“评论” 第四个为本文采用的研究对象的事或物质名称 避免使用分析、特性等普通词组,68,引言,主

38、要回答为什么研究（why) 介绍论文背景、相关领域研究历史与现状，理论依据的实验基础、论文成果在本领域的地位和作用、本文目的 一般不要出现图表 在著名杂志Nature的投稿指南中指出，论文的前言中应带有参考文献的内容，详尽的介绍该工作的背景知识。科学的发展是一种接力跑，前人已经解决的问题，后人不必再花力气去做重复劳动。,69,Introduction,Purpose: Background and organization of the paper Style: Problem X is important A, B, and C have been done A, B, and C have

39、 their weakness Our work D Features and advantages of D Experimental results of D Organization of the paper,70,Previous works,Purpose: Why your work, the differences Style: Categorization of previous works One or two sentences for a work Strength Weakness Dont over-criticize previous works Emphasize

40、 the difference,71,正文,论文核心，主要回答怎么研究（how)， 一般正文应有下述几个部分组成 本文观点，理论或原理分析 实现方法或方案（根据内容而定） 数值计算、仿真分析或实验结果（根据内容而定） 讨论，主要根据理论分析、仿真或实验结果讨论不同参数产生的变化，理论分析与实验相符的程度以及可能出现的问题等,72,Your Works,Purpose: Introduce your work Style: Motivation Definition, notation Algorithm Pseudo-code Diagram Explanations If you are t

41、he reader, what questions you will ask? Put tedious details in Appendix, exception: footnotes,73,Experiments,Purpose: How your idea works, verification Style: Experimental design Be sure that other researchers can repeat your experiments according to your descriptions Comparisons It is scientific? T

42、-Test? Discussions Make sense of your results What is revealed by the experiments?,74,结论,文章的总结，要回答研究出什么（what) 以正文为依据，简洁指出 由研究结果所揭示的原理及其普遍性 研究中有无例外或本论文尚难以解决的问题 与以前已经发表的论文异同 在理论与实际上的意义 对近一步研究的建议,75,Conclusions,Purpose: summary, future work, closing Style: Quick summary Future work Closing,76,致谢,对给予本文研究的选题、构思、实验或撰写等方面给以指导、帮助或建议的人员致以谢意； 由于论文作者不能太多，所以部分次要参加者可不列入作者，表示致谢； 一般资助单位应在文章首页下脚加注，一般不再致谢。,77,参考文献,文章中引用他人成果或文章内容应注明参考文献 参考文献规格应按国标或出版社编辑部格式 作者，文献题名，刊名，年，卷（期），起止页码,78,附录,附录不是文章的必要组成部分，但可为深入了解本文人员提供参考 主要提供论文有关公式推导、演算以及不宜列入正文的数据和图