《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比

1、The Practice ofSocial Research社会研究方法,Earl Babbie （艾尔巴比）Chapman University,Part 1,An Introduction to Inquiry 研究概论,Chapter 1,Human Inquiry and Science 人类研究与科学,Chapter Outline,Looking for Reality 寻求真实 The Foundations of Social Science 社会研究的基础 Some Dialectics of Social Research 社会研究中的一些辩证关系 The Ethics o

2、f Social Research 社会研究的伦理,How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）,Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 Personal Inquiry 个人研究 Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） Authority 权威,Looking for Reality 寻求真实,Our attempts to learn about the world are only partly linked to direct, personal inquiry or experience.我们对世界的认识

3、和了解，只有部分来自于个人研究或经验。 A larger part comes from agreed-on knowledge that others give us, things “everyone knows.” 大部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。 This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。,Sources of Secondhand Knowledge,Both provide a star

4、ting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction. 二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向） Tradition 传统 Authority 权威,Science and Inquiry科学与研究,Epistemology is the science of knowing. 认识论是认识的科学 Methodology (a subfield of epistemology) might

5、be called the science of finding out. 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻找解答的科学,Question,How do individuals learn all they need to know? personal experience 个人体验 Discovery 探究发现 from what others tell us 别人说的 all of these choices 以上都是,Answer: D,Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discover

6、y and from what others tell us. 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人告知的，来获取所需的知识,Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人类研究,Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到，未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。 Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果关系牵涉到概率问题 Humans aim to

7、answer “what” and “why” questions, and pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”和“为什么”，通过观察和推理来达到目标。,Inquiry: Errors and Solutions研究中常见的错误及解决办法,Inaccurate observations 不确切观察 Measurement devices add precision.测量手段增加了准确性 Overgeneralization 过度概括化 Enough cases 足够样本观察 Repeat a st

8、udy to make sure the same results are produced each time.重复进行同一项研究，看是否每次都得到同样结果,Selective observation 选择性观察 Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern.找出不符合一般情形的异常案例 Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形,Inquiry: Errors and Solutions研究中常见的

9、错误及解决办法,Views of Reality 对真实的看法,Premodern - Things are as they seem to be. 前现代观点：眼见为实 Modern - Acknowledgment of human subjectivity.现代观点：仁者见仁智者见智 Postmodern -There is no objective reality to be observed. 后现代观点：没什么真实的世界可供观察。所有的真实，都源于自我观点中的想象。,A Book 一本书,All of these are the same book, but it looks di

10、fferent when viewed from different locations, perspectives, or “points of view.” 这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。,Point of View,Wifes Point of View. There is no question in the wifes mind as to who is right and rational and who is out of control. 在妻子看来，谁是正确、理智的，以及谁失去了理智，是显而易见的。,Point of View,Hu

11、sbands Point of View. The husband has a very different perception of the same set of events, of course.丈夫的视角。对同一件事，他的看法截然不同。,Question,In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perc

12、eive in measuring. She has which view of reality? correct premodern modern postmodern Scientific,Answer: D,In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has

13、the postmodern view of reality. 后现代的观点,Question,Youve gotten As on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and youre sure youre going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. Youve fallen prey to: illogical reasoning. inaccurate observatio

14、n. selective observation. over-emphasis on tradition. overgeneralization.,Answer: A,Youve gotten As on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and youre sure youre going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. Youve fallen prey to illogic

15、al reasoning.,Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础,The foundations of social science are logic and observation. 社会科学的基础是逻辑和观察 A scientific understanding of the world must make sense and correspond to what we observe.科学对世界的理解，必须言之成理，并且符合我们的观察。 Both are essential to science and relate to the three ma

16、jor aspects of social scientific enterprise: theory, data collection, and data analysis.这两者对科学都不可或缺，而且与科学研究的三大层面密切相关，理论、资料收集和资料分析。,Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础,Theory - Systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. 理论旨在系统地解释对生活中某一方面的观察 Data collecti

17、on - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的结果 Data Analysis - the comparison of what is logically expected with what is actually observed. 资料分析，是比较逻辑预期和实际观察，寻找可能的模式。,Social Regularities 社会规律,Examples of Patterns in social life: 社会生活的规范 Only people 18 and older can vote. 只有18岁以上的人的可以投票 Only people with a license ca

18、n drive. 只有18岁以上且有执照的人可以开车,Aggregates 总体而非个体,The collective actions and situations of many individuals. 集体行为和许多个人的状况 社会科学处理的是集体而非个体的行为 Focus of social science is to explain why aggregated patterns of behavior are regular even when individuals change over time 社会科学的目的在于解释为什么即使个体行为随着时间改变，集体行为的模式却有规律可循。,Birthrates