英语词性词类详细讲解.ppt

1、第二课,英语词类讲解,10种英语词类,6种英语实词（有实义）：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词 4种英语虚词：冠词、介词、连词和感叹词,6种英语实词,1.名词（noun，缩写式为n） 普通名词(common noun): 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。 luggage, success, traffic 专有名词(propernoun):是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。 Tom, China, A Tale of Two Cities, March, Saturday 可数性：可数名词（countable nouns) amazed, amazi

2、ng; fascinated, fascinating; I was amazed at the variety of wonderful animals. -ing 引发情感的事物或人： Its an absolutely amazing city to visit. Exercise 1: -ed, -ing： 1.I was really_ (please) when I opened my present because it was just what I wanted. 2.The jungle was full of strange noises and I felt_(frig

3、hten) during the whole trip. 3. Having a warm bath can be very _(relax) after exercise. 4. My trip through the jungle was the most _ (excite) Adventure Ive ever had. I cant wait to go back.,注意：,一. 以-ly结尾的形容词 1）friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。da

4、ily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 二. 用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 三. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -出处-材料性质，类别-名词 a small round table；a tall gray building；a dir

5、ty old brown shirt；a famous German medical school,形容词的比较等级,一. 原级 1）asas 2）not as(so)as 3）数词+times +as+原级+as 二. 比较级 1）形容词比较级的构成： 单音节形容词后加-er，以不发音的e结尾加-r： short-shorter nice-nicer 2. 辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i加-er： heavy-heavier happyhappier 3.末尾是元辅结构，且重读，双写末尾的辅音字母再加-er: big-bigger hot-hotter 4. 部分双音节词和多音节词在前

6、面加more: athletic-more athletic 5. 部分形容词不规则变化: good-better,形容词不规则变化: 原级 比较级,good well bad badly ill many much little far,better,worse,more,less,farther/further,形容词的比较等级,二. 比较级的用法 1）比较级+than 2）比较级+and+比较级，more and more+原级 3）the+比较级，the+比较级 4）the+比较级 + of the two,形容词的比较等级,三. 最高级 1. 形容词最高级的构成： 1）单音节形容词后

7、加-est，以不发音的e结尾加-st： 2）short-shortest nice-nicest 2. 辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i加-est： heavy-heaviest happyhappiest 3.末尾是元辅结构，且重读，双写末尾的辅音字母再加-est: big-biggest hot-hottest 4. 部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加the most: athletic-the most athletic 5. 部分形容词不规则变化: good-best,形容词的比较等级,二. 最高级的用法 1）三者或三者以上比较，用the+最高级+名词+范围 This is the c

8、leanest place of the city. 2）表示“最之一”，用“on of the +形容词最高级+名词复数” This is one of the most interesting books that Ive ever read.,一、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成,1、规则变化,形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成,2、不规则变化,4. 副词（Adverb,adv） 副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词 （1）一般副词主要分为以下几种: 时间副词, 如: today, now, tomorrow, for 3 minute

9、s 地点副词, 如: here, there, above, outside 方式副词, 如: hard, well, badly, fast, slowly 程度副词, 如: very, quite, much, still, almost 频率副词, 如: often, always, sometimes, never （2） 疑问副词(放在特殊疑问句的句首), 如: how, when, where, why （3） 关系副词(放在定语从句句首), 如: when, where, why （4）连接副词(放在名词从句句首), 如: how, when, where, why, wheth

10、er,功能： 1.作状语: a. You should always review your lessons. b. The visitors are warmly welcomed by the students. c. Certainly we should try out best to improve our work. 2.作表语: a. He is abroad. b. The class is over. c. The football match is on. 3.作定语: a. He turned the radio down so that he shouldnt dist

11、urb the old lady downstairs.(后置定语） 4.作补语 a. I found all the lights on when I got home last night.,形容词、副词比较等级,有些词的比较级和最高级有两种不同形式, 意义上也有所不同, 如: older / oldest(比较老/最老的), elder / eldest (年龄比较大的/最大的); farther / farthest用于本义, 表示“比较远的/最远的”, 而further / furthest常用于引申意义, 表示“更进一步的,更深一层的/最深层的” a. He is the olde

12、st comrade in our office. b. He is the eldest son in the family. c. He went abroad for further studies. 表示“比多(大)几倍”时, 用“倍数+ asas” 结构或“倍数+比较级+than”表示 a. This book costs twice as much as that one. b. The university is three times as big as it was in 1980. =The university is three times bigger than it

13、was in 1980.,可用much, far, still, even等修饰比较级, 表示 “更”, “得多”之意 Her handwriting is much better than mine. This street is far wider and longer than any other street in Beijing. 可用“名词词组或数词词组+比较级”的结构来表示“比相差多少”, ten minutes later, two meters longer, a few steps further 比较级+ and +比较级表示“越来越”. Summer is coming

14、. It is getting hotter and hotter. “the +比较级+主语+谓语+其他, the +比较级+主语+谓语+其他” 表示 “越 , 就越” The harder you study, the more knowledge you will get. morethan有时表示“与其说, 倒不如说” He is more diligent than wise.与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋 He is more a friend than a teacher.与其说他是一位老师,不如说更像一位朋友,“no+比较级+than”和“not +比较级+than”所表示的意思不

15、相同, 前者表示“和一样不”(即两者都不), 后者表示“不比更 ”(仅否定前者, 即表示前者不如后者) His English is no better than mine. 两人的英语都不好 His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如我的英语好 有时用比较级表示最高级的意思 a. It cant be safer.再安全不过了. b. She cant be more beautiful. 她简直美极了 c. He works harder than the other students in his class. d. He works hard

16、er than any other student in his class. “the +序数词+最高级” 表示“第几”之意 China is the third largest country in the world. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.,5. 代词（pronoun,pron） 人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词（each other），指示代词（ this, that, these, those ），疑问代词（who, whom, whose, which, what)，关系代词(who, w

17、hom, whose, which, that) ，不定代词(each, every, most, either, neither, both),6. 数词（numeral） （1）基数词 One, five, thirty Hundred, thousand, million, billion （2）序数词 first/firstly/first of all/in the first place second, secondly, secondofall, inthesecondplace,1. 冠词(Article) 不定冠词( indefinitearticle) ：a, an （发音

18、以元音开头） Exercise: university, umbrella, honest child, Italian 定冠词(definitearticle)：the 特定的一个或一些 ，独一无二 the sun，the international market, the most beautiful，play the guitar 冠词 an 的使用 (1) 拼写以辅音字母开头读音却以元音开头的单词 hour, honest, honor等单词的拼写虽然以辅音字母h开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用an。 (2) 拼写以元音字母开头读音却以辅音开头的单词 useful, univ

19、ersity, usual, united, European, one-eyed, one-way等单词的拼写虽然以元音字母开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用a。 (3)在26个英文字母中，a, e, i, o, f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x这12个字母的读音是以元音开头的，其余字母的读音则是以辅音开头的 The word empty includes _ m“ and _ y.,4种英语虚词,2. 介词(preposition) (1)表示时间： A、表示 在 某时间.常用介词at, on, in等。 a、用 at 来表示在某一段时刻： at dawn/ at no

20、on /at night /at midnight at six ：在6点钟 b、用 at 来表示在岁时 at sixteen/at the age of sixteen ：16岁的时候 c、用 on 来表示在星期几/某日 on Monday ：在星期一 on June 4th：在6月4日 on Christmas Day ：在圣诞节那一天 B、表示期间常用介词during, for, over, within, throughout, from和to等。 a. during 用于已知的一段时间包括大家熟知的节日或者某种已确切限定的时期或阶段之前,during the Middle Ages在中世纪 during 1942 ：在1942年中 during the summer （of that year）：在（那一年的）夏季 during his childhood ：在他童年时期 b、for用来表示一段时间 for six years ：六年之久 for two months ：有两个月 for ever ：永远 c、表示其他时间概念的介词有before, after, since, until, till, between,