MPA英语考试写作辅导.ppt

1、1,MPA英语考试写作辅导,2010-12-08,2,要求,应具备英语书面表达的初步能力，能够根据所给的提纲、情景或图表按要求写出相应的短文。所写短文要求主题明确，条理清楚，语言比较规范。写作速度应达到每小时240词以上。 本部分采用提纲、情景或图表作文的考试形式。考生应按照要求写出一篇120词以上的英语短文。本部分满分为(15)分。考试时间为30分钟。,3,评分标准,14分：内容符合要求，语言流畅，层次分明，句式有变化，词汇丰富，句子结构和用词正确，文章长度符合要求； 11分：内容符合要求，文字连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求； 8分：内容符合要求，基本清楚地

2、表达了其内涵，句子结构和用词有少数错误，文章长度符合要求； 5分：内容基本切题，语言可以理解，但有较多句子结构和用词错误，且大错较多，文章长度符合要求； 2分：基本切题，但句子支离破碎，只有少量句子可以理解。 评分标准反复强调“文章长度”：120为最低标准。,4,评分标准四要素,1. 内容统一性（unity): 一个段落或一篇文章只有一个中心观点，其他各句、各段均围绕这一中心观点展开描写或论述。如果文章内容缺乏统一性，便会给人留下思路混乱、词不达意的印象。 2. 通篇连贯性（coherence): 文章的句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的衔接和连贯。连贯性好的文章，句子之间、段落之间环环相扣、前

3、呼后应，成为一个有机的整体。而缺乏连贯性的文章句子如同一盘散沙，缺乏整体性。,5,3. 语言准确性（accuracy): 用词和语法的准确性。准确的用词和语法结构有助于思想的表达和与读者的交流。反之，则会破坏意义的完整，造成理解上的困难。过多的语法错误，造成了理解上的障碍，也反映了作者语言能力的限制。也正是这种限制，使得文章内容松散、空洞，连贯性差。 4. 句式多样性（variety): 单调的句型难以给人留下深刻的印象。写作中应该灵活地驾驭表达中的多样性特征。句式多样性指不同结构、不同类型、不同长短的句子的综合运用。简单句和复杂句、常规句型和倒装句型、长句和短句、排比句、感叹句等的交替使用，

4、都可以增加句式的多样性和语言的表现力。句式多样性往往成为作文中的亮点。,6,图表式作文写作模板,It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of.(多少). What is the reason

5、 for this change? Mainly there are. (多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all,.(第一个原因). More importantly,.(第二个原因). Most important of all,.(第三个原因). From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described

6、 in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).,7,提纲式作文写作模板,1、对立观点式 A. 有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？ B. 有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？ C. 我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X

7、 的另一个原因。However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the

8、 above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的一个坏处。,8,2、批驳观点式 A一个错误观点。 B我不同意。Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错

9、误观点的影响)。 There might be some element of truth in these peoples belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。,9,3、社会问题(现象)式 A一个社会问题或者现象 B产生的原因 C对社会和我们生活的影响 D如何解决或杜绝。(如果是问题的话) E前景的预测。 Now

10、adays, there exists an increasingly serious social/ economic/ environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。 There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文写法。 X has caused substantial impact

11、 on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 同上Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will.,10,辩论式议论文模版（一）,Some people b

12、elieve (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点。 As a （

13、college student）, I am supposed to 表决心。或From above, we can predict that 预测。,11,辩论式议论文模版（二）,People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1. While others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For ano

14、ther, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a （college student）, I am supposed to 表决心。或From above, we can predict that 预测。,12,辩论式议论文模版（三）,There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。 Some people are of the view that 观点1. While others take an opposite side, firmly

15、believing that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1. Furthermore, 论据2. Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3. A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that 总结观点。As

16、 a college student, I am supposed to 表决心。或 From above, we can predict that 预测。,13,说明原因型模块1,Currently, XX has been the order of the day. This does demonstrate the theory - nothing is more valuable than XX. It is clear that (1). If you (2), as a result, your dreams will come true. On the contrary, if

17、you (3), failure will be following with you. It turns out that all your plan falls through(落空,失败). No one can deny another fact that (4).You dont have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that(考虑到,就.而论,既然,因为) we all know (5).It will exert a profound influence upon (6).With reference to

18、 my standpoint, I think (7).,14,相应作文：The importance of self-confidence,Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day. This does demonstrate the theory - nothing is more valuable than self-confidence. It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in ones abilities). If you (are full of sel

19、f-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties). As a result, your dreams will come true. On the contrary, if you (have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything ). Failure

20、 will be following with you. It turns out that all your plan falls through. No one can deny another fact that (self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed). You dont have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (the secret

21、of M Me. Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular). It will exert a profound influence upon (the achievement of ones ambitions). With reference to my standpoint, I think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).,15,说明原因型模块2,In recent years, XX has caus

22、ed a heated debate on (1). The factors for (2). First of all, (3). Then, there comes a case that (4). Moreover, (5). Especially when (6). Indeed, these unique points can be collected to remind people that (7). In this way, we should behave just like (8).,16,相应作文： The impact of Television,In recent y

23、ears, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV, offering as many as 50 channels. It has caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children). Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children. The factors

24、 for (parents worry is that children are indulged in television and spend too much time on it.). First of all, (with so many programs to choose from, children are not getting as much exercise as they should ).Then, there comes a case that (some studies have show that excessive watching of television

25、 by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ). Moreover, (the effect on childrens minds are more serious than the effect on childrens bodies). Especially when (the children are too small to judge what programs are suitable to them). Indeed, these unique points can be conn

26、ected to remind parents that (they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their childrens TV viewing). In this way, children will not be influenced too deeply.,17,说明原因型模块3,For most of us today, (1). From above, we can find that the reasons why (2)are as follows. The prima

27、ry reason, I think, is (3). Second, (4). The third reason, actually, is (5). The significance for (6). Therefore, (7). 注释： 1、人们针对XX的态度和举措 2、归纳现状 3、第一个原因 4、第二个原因 5、第三个原因 6、重申造成现状的最重要原因,18,相应作文： Pollution,Most of us today (recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem. Lots

28、 of plants, trees, and corps are destroyed by bad air. Many fish die of poisonous water. Thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas. Therefore, environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling, or bringing death not only to human beings,

29、but also to wild life.) From above, we can find that the reasons why (environment are polluted more and more seriously) are as follows. The primary reason, I think, is (the reason of harmful substances into environment. For example, to prevent insects, farmers make use of great amounts of insecticid

30、es, so as to have bumper harvests. However, they pollute air, water and land ).Second, (the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly ). The third reason actually is (the result of a growing population in the world. Everyday, so much litter and waste are pour

31、ed out from houses also pollute the environment ). The significance for (controlling pollution) notes that its high time that more effective measures should be taken. Therefore, (new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories. Moreover, in the households, there is an obvi

32、ous need to reduce litter and waste. Lets make our good efforts, and the world will be a safer place to live for us).,19,说明原因型模块4,These days we often hear that (1).It is common that (2). Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing, (3). For another, (4). What is more,

33、 since (5), it is natural that (6).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying. We should do something such as (7) to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future. 注释： 1、提出论题 2、说明现状 3、理由一 4、理由二 5、理由三 6、后果 7、解决方法,20,相应作文： Pollution of Enviro

34、nment,These days we often hear that (our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment ).It is common that (many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.). Why does such circumstance occur in spite

35、 of social protects? For one thing, (the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded. ).For another, (the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology ). What is more, since (the industrial revolution ),it is natural that (a great

36、 number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms. The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment). To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worthwhile. We should do something such as (planting more trees, equipping cars with pollution-control de

37、vices and learning to recycle natural resources )to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.,21,英语写作绝招和万能公式,22,范文1,（批驳分析类）,23,（划线部分可替换）,下一页,上一页,写作模式（批驳分析类）,1) With the arrival / birth of , sth. is becoming more and more in our life. 2) Hit / Affected w

38、ith this trend, some / many people come to believe / contend that .(错误观念) 3) But their viewpoint / belief could not arouse any echo in my mind.(作者的立场) 4) It is true that sth. is a key ingredient in ones (让步法分析) 5) On any scale of , in fact, there is almost nothing heavier than sth. 6) If we see sth.

39、 in its true colors, however, it is,24,（划线部分可替换）,下一页,上一页,nothing but (批驳分析I) 7) . (进一步阐述) 8) And moreover, laying any undue stress on sth. may lead one to , as can be easily seen in the cases of (批驳分析II) 9) Therefore, it is necessary to take a correct attitude towards sth. 10) On the one hand, (正确看法

40、I) 11) On the other, . (正确看法II) 12) In sum, sth. means but not to our life. (结论句),Back,25,What Attitude Should We Take to Money,社会上对金钱的错误观念。 分析批驳其错误所在。 给出如何正确看待金钱的建议。,下一页,上一页,26,1) With the arrival of market-based economy, money is becoming more and more important in our life. 2) Hit with this trend

41、, many people come to believe that money is above everything else in their life. 3) But their belief could not arouse any echo in my mind. 4) It is true that money is a key ingredient in ones struggle towards happiness, without,Reference model: What Attitude Should We Take to Money,下一页,上一页,27,which,

42、 for example, there would be no way to go to college or form a family. 5) On any scale of ones daily worry, in fact, there is almost nothing heavier than money. 6) If we see it in its true colors, however, money is nothing but a means to an end. 7) Money can buy us food, but not appetite; medicine,

43、but not health; diplomas, but not knowledge; and days of joy, but not the whole life of happiness. 8) And moreover, laying any undue stress on money may lead one to stop at nothing in making it, as,上一页,下一页,28,can be easily seen in the cases of most corrupt officials. 9) Therefore, it is necessary to

44、 take a correct attitude towards money. 10) On the one hand, money is vital to our daily life, in which case, it is wise of you to spend not where you may save. 11) On the other, money is something to be plowed into something more important, so it is better to spare not where you must spend. 12) In

45、sum, money means something but not everything to our life.,上一页,29,范文2,（原因分析类）,The Changes in Something,1. 简述某一事物的变化情况,2. 说明引起变化的原因,3. 分析其影响或走向,30,Changes in Great Natural Disasters Worldwide,下一页,31,（划线部分可替换）,下一页,上一页,写作模式（原因分析类）,1) As can be seen from the graph / table / diagram, there have been dras

46、tic / considerable / unfavorable changes in (议论的主题)over the past period from _ to _. 2) To be concrete, only in _(year) while / whereas the ratio(s) went up toin _ (year).(变化概述) 3) These changes are most disturbing, so it is necessary for us to go into the whys and wherefores of them first. (Para. 1

47、),32,（划线部分可替换）,下一页,上一页,4) Some changes, such as , result from , but many others have much to do with 5) In the first place, mans excessive exploitation of has done a lasting damage to , only to (原因分析I)6) (进一步说明) 7) In the second, in order to , man has had to overwork , which in turn has accelerated

48、(原因分析II) 8) In the third, mans blind application of has caused permanent changes in (原因分析III) 9) Among these changes are . (进一步说明)(Para. 2),33,（划线部分可替换）,下一页,上一页,10) The list of causes could go on, but they are already enough to indicate that these changes are producing more and more negative effects

49、 on the world. 11) These changes not only , but also(分析) 12) If allowed to run its course, I firmly believe / I am afraid, this trend will certainly bring more harm / threats to our society / life.(结论句) (Para. 3),34,The Changes in Great Natural Disasters Worldwide 1. 简述所给图表中的变化。 2. 说明引起变化的主要原因。 3. 分

50、析这些变化对全球的影响。,下一页,上一页,35,1) As can be seen from the graph, there have been rapid changes in the great natural disasters worldwide over the past period from 1960s to 1990s. 2) To be concrete, there were only 16 terrible natural disasters, causing 300,000 deaths in 1960s while the ratios went up respec

51、tively to 131 and 1,100,000 in 1990s. 3) The changes are disturbing, so it is necessary for us to go into the whys and wherefores of them first.,下一页,上一页,36,4) Some changes, such as those in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, result from the movement of plates along the weaknesses in the earths crus

52、t, but many others have much to do with mans activities. 5) In the first place, mans mindless and excessive exploitation of natural resources has done a lasting damage to the ecosystem, only to invite more floods, landslides and mud-rock flows. 6) The rare flood to which China was subjected in 1998

53、is typical of the evil seeds man had sowed for himself. 7) In second, in order to feed their more and larger the,上一页,下一页,37,families, people from all over the world have had to overwork their farming land as well as their grassland, which in turn has accelerated the desertification of the land on wh

54、ich they have been relying for existence. 8) In the third, mans blind application of scientific findings has caused unfavorable and permanent changes in the global living environment. 9) Among these changes are the depletion of ozone layer, the worsening of greenhouse effect, the recurrence of hurri

55、canes and the extinction of more species.,上一页,下一页,38,10) The list of causes could go on, but they are already enough to indicate that these changes are producing more and more negative effects on the world. 11) They have not only made it impossible for the natural systems to recover their balance bu

56、t also made it harder for man to ensure his better survival. 12) If allowed to run its course, I am afraid, this trend will certainly bring more serious threats to all the living things on the Earth, mankind included.,上一页,39,范文3,（原因分析类）,What Causes Something New,1. 近几年在社会上出现了,2. 导致该现象的原因,3. 分析该现象的社会

57、影响,40,写作模式（原因分析类）,Para.1: 1) Believe it or not/Like it or not, these years have witnessed a boom in/a popularity (resurgence/worsening/crisis/ decline/growth/revival/spread ) ofin our society/on the Chinese campus. 2) According to, people, especially college students, are showing more and more inter

58、est in 3) To get a better sense of it, it is necessary for us to find out its causes.,(划线部分可被替换),下一页,41,Para. 2: 4) A closer analysis/study/ observation of the phenomenon can find that three main factors are well worth our concern/should call for more of our concern. 5) In the first place, it is the

59、 product of, for which(原因I) 6) In the second, it is seen, among, as an ideal way of, since (原因II) 7) And above all, it is an inevitable result of(原因III) 8) While, in fact,(划线部分可被替换),下一页,上一页,42,Para. 3: 9) The effects of this change on our social/college life are positive/ negative/a mixed one. 10) On the one hand,.(分析I) 11) On the other,.(分析II) 12) With more and moreadded / attached to the trend, I am fully convinced / I am deeply worried, it will certainly / is bound toin the time to come.,(划线部分可被替换),下一页,上一页,43,下一页,上一页,What Causes a Boom in C