不要害怕人格一般的因素：儿童行为抑制和焦虑症状关系幻灯片.ppt

1、（三）,Dont be afraid of the General Factor of Personality (GFP): Its relationship with behavioral inhibition and anxiety symptoms in children 不要害怕人格一般的因素：儿童行为抑制和焦虑症状关系 Personality and Individual Differences 个性与个体差异 I F: 1.861 李冲,1、前言,Individuals display marked differences in behavioral inhibition,here

2、 referring to the tendency to be unusually shy and to react with fear and withdrawal in novel or challenging situations (Kagan 前两个为成人样本, 最后一个为青少年样本)。,他对收集的数据采用主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis)方法, 从不同层面(题目(item), 大五人格分量表提取单一的最高因子。比较同一样本不同方法提取的结果, 发现从题目和分量表层面提取的单一最高因子之间不具有显著的差异。采用从分量表层面提取的方法, 3个样本数

3、据提取的 GFP对各自人格问卷分量表分数变异的解释率分别为 50.20%、40.18%和 44.84%。,除了直接提取单一最高因素的方法外, Musek还使用逐层高阶因素分析(stepwise higher-order factor analyses)对 3 组数据进行了分析, 所有 3 个样本中都能够获得 2 个二阶因子(Big Two), 二阶因子之间都存在着显著相关, 与 Digman (1997)的相关研究结果一致。Musek 发现“大一” (Big One)能够解释逐层高阶因素分析模型中方差来源的60%。 进一步分析与检验表明, 逐层高阶因素分析和前述直接提取的最高单一因素具有高度的

4、一致性。即大一因素不受统计方法、样本和测验工具的影响。,他还发现了这一因素与社会赞许性、情绪、动机、幸福感、生活满意度、自尊等变量有正相关关系。由此 Musek 提出一般人格因素(general factor of personality)是最一般的非认知人格因素的推断。 一般人格因素被证明与社会适应性指标相关。,行为遗传学角度的研究,Rushton, Bons 和 Hur (2008)认为人格和认知能力一样受到单向选择(unidirectional selection)的影响(他们提出人类社会是朝着更加合作和更少争斗的方向发展), 在这样的进化机制中, GFP分数更高的个体具有适应优势, 因

5、此GFP是人格进化的核心。,the GFP may reflect a dimension of social effectiveness or participation (e.g., Loehlin, 2011)。 low GFP scores are expected to be associated with lowered mental health and a range of psychological disorders that may hinder social effectiveness (Rushton & Irwing,2011). GFP可能反映了社会功能或参与的一

6、个维度。 低的GFP分数被认为是和心理不健康及一系列的心理障碍相关的，可能阻碍社会功能。,we report two studies that tested whether the GFP is related to behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders in children in the range from 9 to 13 years. An important contribution of the present studies is that they contain child as well as parent ratings,

7、 thus, testing a specific prediction about the GFP-behavioral inhibition/anxiety relations using multi-informant data (i.e., child and parent ratings). 我们报导了两个研究来测验9-13岁儿童的GFP是否和行为抑制、焦虑症相关。本研究的一个重要贡献是他们包含了儿童和父母评级，因此，使用多种调查数据对GFP与行为抑制、焦虑症进行特定的预测。,2、研究一,研究一考察了填写自我报告的大五人格测量的非临床小学生。另外，父母使用同样的问卷提供了他们孩子的人

8、格评级。首先我们期望儿童和父母评级，一个清晰的GFP能被确定，来自两种评级类型的GFPs显示了大量的重叠，指出GFP超越了人格的自我报告。在研究一中，对儿童行为抑制和焦虑症的自我和父母评级也是能够获得的。我们期望人格评级和行为抑制、焦虑症之间显著的交互关系。,2、1方法,2.1.1. 被试和程序 被试：来自荷兰小学337名父母参加， 250 位父母做出了积极反应 (66%) ，而且填写了他们儿童人格的问卷，行为抑制和焦虑症状。他们的孩子将在课堂长填写儿童版本的问卷。由于数据的丢失，最终获得226对数据。儿童的平均年龄为10.54 years (SD = 1.05, range 912 year

9、s). 超过85%为本土荷兰后裔。,2、2工具 （1） the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C） （2） Behavioral inhibition (child-rated) （3 ）The revised Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders(SCARED-R） （4）Parent ratings of personality, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety,2.3. Results 2.3.1. GFP In the self-

10、report data of the children, a clear GFP emerged explaining 51.3% of the variance in the Big Five dimensions。 从儿童报告的数据 来看，一般人格因素可以解释51.3%的大五人格变化。,The parent ratings of their childs personality also contained a clear GFP, explaining 44.8% of the Big Five variance。 父母等级的儿童人格包含的一般人格因素可以解释44.8%大五人格变化。,T

11、he GFPs from the child- and parent ratings were positively and significantly correlated 儿童和父母等级在一般人格因素显著的相关。,2.3.2. Personality, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety Within the child-ratings, the GFP was significantly and negatively related to behavioral inhibition。,3. 研究2,Although Study 1 was informa

12、tive, one limitation was that the sample only consisted of non-clinical children. Therefore, we considered it useful to also examine whether the GFP plays a role in distinguishing children with a clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder from non-clinical children, which was the aim of Study 2. 尽管研究

13、一提供了我们需要的信息，但是有一个不足之处就是，该样本只包括了非临床儿童。所以，在研究2，我们想考察一下GFP在诊断临床焦虑症儿童的有效性,3、1被试信息和程序 A non-clinical control group and a group of children with clinical anxiety disorders were obtained. 首先获得非临床控制组和临床诊断焦虑障碍的儿童组,199 parents of primary schools were asked to participate。Eighty-one parents responded positivel

14、y (41%) and filled out questionnaires about their child that were identical to the ones used in Study 1 199为父母受到邀请。只有81位父母做出了积极的反应，填写了相应问卷。,The clinical group was obtained from 45 parents and their children (Mage = 9.47, SD = 1.40), who had been referred to a specialized academic clinic for childhoo

15、d anxiety disorders. 临床组有45名父母和孩子参与了实验，这些孩子患有儿童焦虑障碍。,3、2 Results,3.2.1. General Factor of Personality A factor-analysis on the total sample revealed a clear GFP in the child ratings of personality explaining no less than 56.1% of the variance in Big Five scores (EV = 2.8). 因素分析表明，总样本显示出GFP在儿童等级人格解释不

16、少于56.1%的大五人格分数的变化。,The GFP in the parent ratings explained 50.3% of the Big Five variance (EV = 2.52) GFP在父母等级上的解释率为50.3%的大五人格变化。,3.2.2. Group differences on GFP, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety Not surprisingly, the clinically anxious children scored significantly higher on parent ratings of beh

17、avioral inhibition and anxiety than the non-clinical children。 显然，临床焦虑儿童相比非临床儿童在父母等级的行为抑制和焦虑的分数要显著的高。,Compared to the non-clinical group, childrens self-reported SCARED-R （焦虑症状）scores were also significantly higher in the clinical group。 相比非临床组，临床组的焦虑症状分要显著的高,More importantly however was that the tw

18、o groups also significantly differed on the GFP. In both cases, the non-clinical group scored significantly higher than the clinical group。 更为重要的是，两个组在GFP上存在显著的差异，而且不论是儿童自我报告，还是父母等级评定，都表明出非临床组的得分要比临床组得分高。,3.2.3. Associations GFP, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety,3.3. 讨论和结论,Moreover,we found relevant correlations across the different types of ratings of the childrens personality and behavioral inhibition/anxiety. 我们发现不同等级类型的儿童人格和其行为抑制/焦虑相关。,Instead, we propose that the GFP may provide a