雅思阅读第一次课.ppt

1、雅 思 阅 读 2,Lecture One,雅思阅读基本概况 雅思阅读所需要的基本技能 Skimming 易损坏的(原型flimsy)old buildings 500 or so wooden pagodas宝塔 remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war.

2、 The disastrous损失惨重的 Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened使成为平地office blocks and devastated 毁灭; 摧毁the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed未受损伤; 未遭伤害though it levelled夷平a number of

3、 buildings in the neighborhood.,Topple: (over) be unsteady and fall 不稳而倒下: The pile of books toppled over onto the floor. 那一摞书倒在地板上了.,B Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt c

4、onfident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers 减震器to dampen抑制the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo Japans first skyscraper摩天

5、楼 was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.,mystify/ mstfa; mstfa/ v (pt, pp -fied) Tn make (sb) confused through lack of understanding; puzzle; bewilder 使（某人）困惑不解; 使迷惑: Im mystified; I just cant see how he did it. 我大惑不解, 就是不明白他是怎麽做到的. * her mystifying disappearan

6、ce 她神秘的失踪. dampen (down ) to make something such as a feeling or activity less strong The light rain dampened the crowds enthusiasm. Raising interest rates might dampen the economy. to make a sound or movement less loud or strong The spring dampens the shock of the impact.,C Yet in 826, with only pe

7、gs短桩 and wedges楔子 to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic雄伟的 Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of

8、the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight natures forces. But what sort of tricks?,D The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important templ

9、es. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers瞭望塔. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys,

10、 made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with 免除，省掉 because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object.,Because of the typhoons that batter接连猛击Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves屋檐of buildings further beyond the wall

11、s. This prevents rainwater gushing 流出, 泻出, 涌出down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.,【重要词组】dispense with sb/sth: get rid of sb/sth 用不着某人某事物; 摆脱某人某事物: He is not yet well enough to dispense with the pills. 他尚未痊愈, 仍需吃药. adapt (oneself

12、) (to sth) become adjusted to new conditions, etc 适应（新环境等）: Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark. 我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境. 【重要词汇】overhang / uvh/ n. part that overhangs 悬垂的部分: a birds nest under the overhang of the roof房檐下的鸟巢.,E The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the

13、structure by fifty per cent or more of the buildings overall width.For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain瓷tiles 瓦of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware陶器tile

14、s.,【难句解析】The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the buildings overall width. 句子结构the roof can be made to.by 日本寺庙的屋顶可以被建造成各面都延伸出庙宇本身，延伸的范围在该寺庙整体宽度的50%或者更多。,F But this does not totally explain the great resilience弹性 of Jap

15、anese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda with its massive trunk-like central pillar柱子known as shinbashira simply flexes伸缩，弯曲 and sways摇动, 摇摆 during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling令人吃惊的

16、thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load 不负重at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground接触地面, but is suspended悬挂 from the top of the pagoda hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelv

17、e outer and four inner columns.,G And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the shinbashiras role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr Ishida, known to his students as Professor Pagoda becau

18、se of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a shake- table in his laboratory. In short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum钟摆. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to

19、grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japans first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that,under pressure a pagodas loose stack of floors could be made to slither 摇晃 to and fro independent of one another.

20、 Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance with each consecutive连续的 floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because,

21、after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.,【重要词汇】Stack：pile or heap, usu neatly arranged 堆, 摞（通常指堆放得整齐的）: a wood stack 木材堆 * a stack of newspapers slither：slide or slip unsteadily摇晃不稳地滑动或滑行: slithering dangerously (on the muddy path) （在泥泞的路上）危险地滑

22、行 * 【重要词组】bang into sb/sth: collide with sb/sth violently 猛撞着某人某物: He ran round the corner and banged straight into a lamp-post. 他跑过拐角处时迎面撞在灯柱上. 【难句解析】The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand

23、 years later, applied in the construction of Japans first skyscraper. 古代的工匠在明显没有先进的数学知识的情况下，似乎已经掌握了一千年以后应用于日本第一摩天大楼的理论。,H,Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers逐渐尖细, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical垂直的

24、 pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the

25、individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked 堆积one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.,I And the extr

26、a-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walkers走钢丝表演者 balancing pole平衡杆. The bigger the mass重物at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles, says M

27、r Ishida, the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking. Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated 预见到concepts of modern structural engineering.,【重要词组】hold true = remain valid, applicable or uncha

28、nged,1. Peoples confusion up till now 2. Some tricks that might be mastered by the pagoda builders 3. How unbelievable for the pagodas to remain standing for ages during earthquakes and typhoons 4. The explanation for the resilience of the pagodas 5. The function of the extra-eaves 6. The real role

29、played by the central pillar 7. The special design of the pagoda roof 8. Another surprising design of Japanese pagoda 9. The introduction and adaptation of Japanese pagoda,Matching,Para A. Para B. Para C. Para D. Para E. Para F. Para G. Para H. Para I.,文章结构,1. 日本宝塔即使经历地震仍然屹立不倒，原因何在？ 2. 直到现代，人们仍不理解其中

30、奥妙 3. 日本工匠掌握了什么技巧修建了五重塔？ 4. 日本塔来源于中国，日本工匠为适应本国国情加以改良 5. 日本塔顶的独特设计 6. 日本塔具有弹性并非是通心柱的功劳 7. 揭示通心柱的真实作用 8. 日本塔设计上另外的神奇之处 9. 超宽飞檐的用处,段落主题句的特征： 主题句一定是包含性最强的句子 例句和问句不是主题句 段落中如果有某人观点或研究结果要注意 段落中如果有例子出现要看例子前面或后面 段落中如果有步骤出现要看步骤前面的句子 看句子的时候，如果有代词，要往前看 如果一个SECTION里段落比较多，那么先看每段话的首句或者利用篇章结构的知识 如果一段话不超过4句话，整段都要看,（

31、浅层次）做对题，达到目标分（Q some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services 公共卫生服务. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems.,D The consequences of

32、 our water policies extend beyond jeopardising 危害 human health. Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes - often with little warning or compensation 补偿 - to make way for为腾出地方 the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20% of all freshwater fish species 淡水鱼品种 are now threatened

33、 or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive 繁殖. Certain irrigation practices degrade 恶化 soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers 蓄水层 are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenishe

34、d 补充 in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes 冲突 over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even international tensions 国际冲突.,E At the outset of 在开始之际 the new millennium, however, the way resource planners think about water is begi

35、nning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority-ensuring some for all, instead of more for some. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure 现有的基础设施 be used in smarter ways rather than building new facil

36、ities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort. This shift in philosophy has not been universally accepted, and it comes with strong opposition from some established water organisations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address 解决 successfully the pressing probl

37、ems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.,F Fortunately - and unexpectedly - the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. As a result, the pressure to build new water infrastructures ha

38、s diminished 减少 over the past two decades. Although population, industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers蓄水层, rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.,G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throug