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1、TOEFL iBT Complete Practice Test Reading Section 1No. of Questions: 42 Time: 60 minutesBegin TestIf you cannot see the timer or if you cannot set the timer, youll need to install flash player. Click here to download and install adobe flash player.Set the timer to “60:00” before doing the test.Crafts

2、 in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millenniumB.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanen

3、t settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural pr

4、oduction of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruksdominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.The vast majority of

5、 its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the citys r ol e as ar egi onal cent er.Wit hi nt he pr oducti ve sect or, t her e was a growth of a

6、 variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this

7、process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one

8、 of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many du

9、ties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-Question 1 of 42Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Inc

10、orrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.Scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agricultural ar

11、eas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the citys population.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars thing the surrounding farms provided food for the people in Uruk.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from produce grown in field

12、 surrounding the city.Crafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millenniumB.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in t

13、he area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themsel

14、ves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruks dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human

15、 history.The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the citys r ol e as ar egi onal cent er.Wit hi nt he pr oducti ve sect

16、or, t her e was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is

17、 most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East

18、. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a fa

19、mily member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-Question 2 of 42The word “surpassing” in the passage is closest in meaning toPrecedingExceedingChallen

20、gingOutlastingCrafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millenniumB.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area

21、occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from

22、 the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruksdominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city.Indeed, it was the first city in human history.T

23、he vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the citys r ol e as ar egi onal cent er.Wit hi nt he pr oducti ve sect or, t her

24、e was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most char

25、acteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beve

26、led-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family membe

27、r as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-Question 3 of 42According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPT

28、:It was a permanent settlement.It was self-sufficientIt was one of a group of other larger settlements.It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.Paragraph 1 is marked with Crafts in the Ancient Near East Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what

29、is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millenniumB.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center

30、surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruks domina

31、nt size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a s

32、mall segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the citys r ol e as ar egi onal cent er.Wit hi nt he pr oducti ve sect or, t her e was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian potter

33、y was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; he

34、nce, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact tha

35、t it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, in

36、volved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-Question 4 of 42The word “intact” in the passage is closest in meaning toUnsoldUnusedUndamagedUnpaintedCrafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq,

37、 in the fourth millenniumB.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set o

38、f secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruksdominant size in the entire

39、region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the ur

40、ban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the citys r ol e as ar egi onal cent er.Wit hi nt he pr oducti ve sect or, t her e was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the res

41、ult of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited

42、 number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapi

43、dly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving text

44、iles, an activity we know from later third-Question 5 of 42According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna archaeological site at UrukThey were discarded because they becameunpopular.They varied greatly in shape and decoration.They were each indiv

45、idually styled.They were made in only a few sizes.Paragraph 2 is marked with Crafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millenniumB.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around

46、the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars as

47、sume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruksdominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center a

48、nd a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history. The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the citys r ol e

49、 as ar egi onal cent er.Wit hi nt he pr oducti ve sect or, t her e was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archa

50、eological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intac

51、t, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of docume

52、ntation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-Question 6 of 42Which of the following can be i

53、nferred from paragraph 2 about craft production in the Uruk period?Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged in agricultural production.People not needed for farming could performother more specialized activities.Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for

54、 both utilitarian and decorative purposes.Pottery making was the only craft known during the fourth millennium.Paragraph 2 is marked with Crafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millenniumB.C.E

55、. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While

56、 population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruksdominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of

57、 other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history. The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specia

58、lize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the citys r ol e as ar egi onal cent er.Wit hi nt he pr oducti ve sect or, t her e was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited nu