2018年考研英语法学类阅读专项练习

1、 凯程考研，为学员服务，为学生引路！2018年考研英语法学类阅读专项练习暑期集训来了，如何在暑期两个月创造出双倍的价值是每个考生想要达到的目标。这就需要加倍的努力和科学的规划了。英语方面的复习，大家要持续性背单词，阅读、写作及翻译要多加练习，总结方法技巧，活学活用。下面凯程在线和大家分享法学类的阅读模拟题，大家不妨集中练习，提升阅读速度和做题技巧。For hundreds of years，the criminal law has been built around the idea that wrongdoers must be punished for their crimes.The m

2、ost basic argument for punishment is that it preserves law and order and respects for authority.From this point of view，punishment does two things.It upholds the law，and it prevents others from thinking they can get away with doing the same thing without punishment.Punishment is based on the idea th

3、at many people have a barely controlled desire to act in forbidden ways.One of the best ways to reduce crime is to reform or rehabilitate habitual criminals.The main problem is not the first offender or the petty thief but the repeated offender who commits increasingly serious crimes.According to cr

4、iminologists，crime would decrease greatly if all such offenders could be turned away from wrongdoing.But U.S.prisons have had little success in rehabilitating inmates.About two-thirds of the people arrested in any year have a previous criminal record.Rehabilitation of criminals could probably be imp

5、roved greatly if experts could provide the right kind of program for different types of offenders.Criminals vary widely in the kinds of crimes they commit，their emotional problems，and their social and economic backgrounds.Not all offenders can be helped by the same treatment.Many require the aid of

6、physicians，psychiatrists，or psychologists.Others respond well to educational or vocational training.In the early 1990s，there were about 1，300，000 criminals in U.S.city，county，state，and federal correctional institutions，and about 500，000 more were out on parole.Society spent more than $15 billion to

7、operate prisons and related institutions yearly，but only a small part of this sum went to provide treatment.Nearly all the funds were used to feed and clothe prisoners and to keep them under control.Since the 1ate 1970s，however，there has been a trend toward punishment rather than rehabilitation of o

8、ffenders.Prison sentences are longer.Capital punishments have been used more frequently since the U.S.Supreme Court lifted a death penalty ban in 1976.Nevertheless，crime prevention should aim to prevent people from becoming criminals in the first place.Such a goal probably would benefit from reform

9、programs in urban slums.These programs would include improved housing，schools，and recreation programs and increased job opportunities.There are many other ways to reduce crime.People can be educated or persuaded to take greater precautions against crime.They can be taught，for example，how to protect

10、their homes from burglary.Automobile thefts would drop sharply if drivers removed their keys and locked their cars when leaving them.Better lighting helps discourage purse-snatchings and other robberies on city streets and in parks.Many experts believe that strict gun-licensing laws would greatly re

11、duce crime.1.The belief that people tend to behave in forbidden ways_.A leads to the formulation of the criminal lawB makes people value order above all elseC convinces people that crimes should be eliminated from the societyDis a false one that should not be taken seriously2.In the second paragraph

12、 the author implies_.A the U.S.prison system is not working effectively enough to reform criminalsB the best way to reduce crime rate is to rehabilitate habitual criminalsC reforming criminals in prison will turn them away from wrongdoingD crimes would decrease if peoples desire could be healthily c

13、hanneled3.The author speculates that rehabilitation can be made more effective if_.A reform is directed to the criminals emotional problemsB rehabilitation is aimed at changing the economic and social environmentC rehabilitation is facilitated by physicians，psychiatrists or psychologistsD crimes are

14、 dealt with in the ways that suit each kind4.According to the author，punishment is a better means than rehabilitation in reducing crime rate_.A so it should be used in place of rehabilitationB so stricter sentences are absolutely necessaryC yet it does not work well in many casesD but preventing cri

15、me is even more effective5. The author concludes the passage by pointing out that_.A the present gun-licensing laws are held responsible for most of the crimesB educational failure accounts for most of the present offencesC more help should be provided for released criminalsD the long-term reduction

16、 of crime rate depends on multiple improvements参考答案：1.A意为：导致刑法的制定。第一段最后一句指出，(法律)惩罚是基于这样一种认识：许多人几乎无法控制自己的欲望，总想以不容许的方式行事。这里的含义是：为了制止人们这种想法和行为，制定法律来约束他们是必要的。2.A 第二段第四、五句指出，但是美国监狱在改造罪犯方面不成功。每年被逮捕的人中有约2/3的人有前科。3.D 第三段第一句指出，如果专家们能为不同的罪犯提供合适的改造方案，会大大地改进对罪犯的改造。注意：本句是一个虚拟句，表达作者的建议，它同时也是本段的主题句。4.D 第四段提到，自20世纪

17、70年代末以来，人们更重视惩罚而不是改造，死刑的适用更加频繁，但是，阻止犯罪应该首先防止人们成为罪犯。这句话(第四句)表达了作者的观点。5.D 最后一段提到，人们自身也应该加强防范犯罪的意识，政府部门、法律部门也应该做出努力。可见，减少犯罪是一个综合治理问题。There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents.More than 80 percent of all households own passenger ca

18、rs or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11，000 miles each year.Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher.For the average adult，over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short

19、 period of time to attain these levels.One third of drivers who have been drinking，but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers，demonstrate these levels.1)Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes，the probability of their involvements is 27 tim

20、es higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which drinking plays a role.Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a countrys population，it has been suggested that

21、 higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both.While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most，anyone who drinks at all would be punished by this approach.To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at drinking drivers.In some states，the law empowers police to reques

22、t breath tests of drivers committing any traffic offense and higher BAC can be the basis for arrest.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates，however，that even with increased arrests，there are about 700 violations for every arrest.At this level there is little evidence that laws a

23、re effective ways to reduce drunk driving.In Britain，motor vehicle accidents fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. 2) As Britishers increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped，the effectiveness declined，although in the following thr

24、ee years the death-rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic drinks will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most accidents is unclear.One thing is clear，however：unless

25、 we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic drinking plays a role，many will continue to die.1.The author is primarily concerned with_.A interpreting the results of surveys on traffic accidentsB reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to reduce drunk drivingC a

26、nalyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic deathsD making an international comparison of experience with drunk driving2.It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain_.A changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined drunk drivingB made it illegal for the dr

27、unk driver to driveC increased the number of drunk driving arrestsD placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks3.The author implies that a BAC of 0.1 percent _.the sale of alcoholic drinksA is unreasonably high as a definition of drunk drivingB penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heav

28、y drinker to consume without limitC is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal crashesD proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time4.The author cites the British example in order to_.A show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Bri

29、tain than in the U.S.B prove that stricter laws against drinking drivers would reduce traffic deathsC prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of drunk drivers will not deter drunk drivingD suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws5.The word“d

30、eter”in the last paragraph probably means_.A prevent B encourage C punish D threaten参考答案：1.B 本文探讨了饮酒和汽车事故率的关系，以及相应的限制酒后驾驶的法律对事故率的影响。这在最后一段体现得最为明显。2.B 第二段第一句是这一段的主题句。英国的例子旨在说明，在英国，在刚刚实施新的道路安全法根据本段第一句该项法律肯定也将酒后(超过规定含量)驾驶视为刑事犯罪以后，汽车事故少了，但是，因为根据这项法律可以被逮捕的人是血液内酒精含量(BAC)超过一定标准的人，并不是所有酒后驾车的人，所以人们后来认为喝少量酒也没

31、有关系，这样，这项法律的效力也就下降了。3.A 根据第一段第五、六句，1/3的酒后驾车者能达到这个含量(BAC of 0.1 %)，但是这还不到所有驾驶员人数的4 %.虽然在达到或超过0.1 %的人中不到l %卷人致命的事故中，但是，他们出事的可能性是不喝酒的人的28倍。由此可见，在作者看来，还有很多没有达到这个含量的人也同样危险，因此，0.1 %的含量标准太高了。4.C 参阅第2题题解。5.A 该词意为“阻止”。With its almost six billion people，the world offers a fascinating variety of human shapes a

32、nd colors.As humans spread throughout the world，their adaptations to diverse climate and other living conditions resulted in this fascinating variety of complexions，colors，and shapes.Genetic mutations added distinct characteristics to the peoples of the globe.In this sense the concept of race，a grou

33、p with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group，is a reality.Humans do indeed come in a variety of colors and shapes.In two senses，however，race is a myth，a fabrication of the human mind.The first fabrication is the idea that any one race is superior to another.All ra

34、ces have their geniusesand their idiots.Like language，no race is superior to another.Adolf Hitlers ideas were extreme.He believed that a superior race，called the Aryans，was responsible for the cultural achievements of Europe.They possessed the genetic stuff that made them inherently superior.Even ma

35、ny scientists of the time一not only Germany but throughout Europe and the United Statesespoused the idea of racial superiority.Not surprisingly，they considered themselves members of the supposedly superior race!In addition to the myth of racial superiority，there is a second myththat of the existence

36、of a“pure”race.From the perspective of contemporary biology，humans show such a mixture of physical characteristics.that the“pure”races do not exist.Instead of falling into distinct types clearly separate from one another，human characteristics flow endlessly together.These minute gradations made arbi

37、trary any attempt to draw definite lines.Large groupings of people，however，can be classified by blood type and gene frequencies.Yet even this arrangement does not uncover“race”。Rather，such classifications are so arbitrary that biologists and anthropologists can draw up listings showing any number of

38、“race”。Ashley Montagu，a physical anthropologist，pointed out that some scientists have classified humans into only two“races”while others have found as many as two thousand.Montagu himself classified humans into forty“racial”groups.This is not meant to imply that the idea of race is a myth.That idea

39、is definitely very much alive.It is firmly embedded in our culture，a social reality that we confront daily.Sociologist W.I.Thomas observed that“if people define situations as real，they are real in their consequences”。The fact that no race is superior or that biologically we cannot even decide how pe

40、ople should be classified into races is not what counts.What makes a difference for social life，rather，is that people believe these ideas，for people act on beliefs，not facts.As a result，we always have people like Hitler.Most people，fortunately，do not believe in such extremes，yet most people also app

41、ear to be ethnocentric enough to believe，at least just a little，that their own race is superior to others.1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the diversification of human race resulted from_.A both genetic inheritance and environmental influencesB the differentiation of the inherited

42、physical characteristicsC humans adaptations to diverse climate and other living conditionsD genetic mutations alone2.The word“fabrication”(in the first sentence of the second paragraph)probably means_.A mysteryB inventionC exaggerationD perspective3.Why is there no“pure”race according to the passag

43、e?A Because people of different races often get married.B Because people have different blood types.C Because racial characteristics overlap.D Because there are so many races in the world.4.Any attempt at classifying races_.A is at best arbitraryB is bound to be biasedC tends to pick out one race as

44、 superiorD takes culture into account5.The author concludes the passage by pointing out thatA it is hardly possible to classify humans into racial groupsB we should be on our guard against any idea of racial superiorityC race is indeed a mystery to be explored and uncoveredD it is not important how

45、people should be classified参考答案：1.A第一段第二句强调了环境因素的影响，第三句提到了基因变异的作用。2.B该词此处意为：臆造，捏造。3.C根据第三、第四段，不存在“纯的”种族，这是因为人的身体特征是无法划归清楚的(flow endlessly together)，任何想划一个清晰界限的做法都会证明是武断的。第四段还谈到不同的研究者对种族分类的多寡，这也是为了证明难以做到对种族进行清晰的分类。4.A 意为：至多是武断的。参阅第四段，尤其是该段第三句。5.B最后一段作者指出种族歧视存在的现实性。人们的错误观念与现实一样可怕，因此我们应该和反对种族歧视的做法一样防止种

46、族歧视思想的产生。The eradication of poverty is a shared responsibility for the international communityindeed，a moral imperative.This task has become no less urgent in the last decade，in spite of rapid economic growth in many parts of the world.While the percentage of the worlds population living on less tha

47、n $1 per day has fallen from 28.3%to 24.0%between 1987 and 1998，population growth(815 million) has kept the absolute number of poor steady at some 1.2 billion.If we take a higher cutoff point of $2 per day，the poor have increased by 250 million over the same time period，encompassing 2.8 billion peop

48、le，or almost half of the worlds population.Nor do World Bank projections lend undivided hope for the future.Under the“business as usual”scenario，the number of poor on the $1 per day scale will not change during the projection period up to 2008.However，should policy measures be taken to boost economic growth and make the growth process more inclusive to the poor，the World Bank reckons that 500 million people could be brought out of extreme poverty by 2008.Even under this more optimisti