非谓语动词讲义

1、非谓语动词谓语动词：能直接作谓语的动词叫谓语动词非谓语动词：不能单独作句子的谓语，不受句子主语的人称和数的限制，而是担任句子其他语法功能的动词，叫非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式，动词现在分词（动名词）和动词过去分词一、 动词不定式1. 动词不定式的形成： 1）to+do2）不定式的时态和语态形式：主动语态被动语态意义一般式to doto be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生完成式to have doneto have been done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前进行式to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生e.g.1.

2、 He wants to be a doctor. 2. To pass the college entrance exam, we must study hard.3. I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.4. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.5. She asked to be sent to work in the countryside.6. He was the only man to have been praised at the m

3、eeting. Given enough time, we are sure to do it well. The two men pretended to working hard. 2. 不定式的句法功能：在句中不定式可作主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，和状语。 1)作主语 To make a living in the big city is not easy. 为了句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻常采用it作形式主语，而把作真正主语不定式置于句末。 It is not easy to make a living in the big city. It is impossible to buy a

4、 car for her young son. = To buy a car for her young son is impossible. 2)作宾语 不定式做及物动词的宾语。还有个别介词如：but/except的介词宾语.这些动词 有：想决心学会（是有）希望（的）， want/expect, decide, learn, hope/wish （先）假装失败， pretend, fail （再）设法拒绝， manage/try, refuse, （然后）主动答应（别人的）计划，offer, promise, plan （最后）同意选择请求别人帮一帮。agree, choose, ask/b

5、eg, help e.g.1. Right now you need to stay until help comes. 2. They dont want to be too close to one another. 3. 不定式在but后时，若but前有实义动词do时，不定式不带to，否则须带to. 1) We have nothing to do but _( wait) for the doctor. 2) I have no choice but _(wait) for the doctor. 3) He did nothing all day but _( practice) r

6、eading. 4. 如作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，置于谓语动词后面，而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。构成; v +it+adj.+ to do 结构 They found it hard to learn Chinese.Dont you think it better to translate it in this way? He felt _his duty to work for human right and progress.A. what B. this C. that D. it( 能跟it作形式宾语的常见动词有：find /think/ fee

7、l/ believe/consider. ) 3. 作表语 不定式作表语用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有未来的含义。 His dream is to become an actor.Waving ones hand is to say “Goodbye”. 4.作宾语补足语：（1）在有些动词后作宾语补足语， 构成v+sb. to do sth.结构。 这些动词有： 等待希望和鼓励， wait for /expect/wish/encourage 想请求建议和允许， want, beg/ask

8、,advise,allow 喜欢命令但依靠说服， like/love, order,depend on, persuade, 打算拜访告诉（你有人）邀请， intend, tell, invite, call on宁可教（你）使用强迫（或）禁止（手段）。prefer,teach, get, forbid （2）动词不定式作感官、使役动词的宾语补足语时，动词不定式不带to，但当句子变为被动语态，作主语补足语时，须带to. 这些动词有;吴（五）看三室（使）两厅（听）一感觉半帮助look at/ see/ watch/ notice/ observemake/ let/ havelisten to/

9、 hearfeel help(可以带to也可以不带to) 常见的使役动词有四个：have,make,let,get,表示“使、让”的含义。5. 作定语 （1）不定式作定语表示将来的动作。I have a lot of things to do.The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important. （2）不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或者代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后所需要加相应的介词。Im not sure which restaurant to eat

10、 at.I have no room to live in.He has no pen to write with.（3）不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no，all，any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。He is the best man to do the job.He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to live the school.（4）被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，prom

11、ise，attempt，way等。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.I have no chance to go sightseeing.特别注意不定式作定语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义;若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式表被动含义。She has a sister to look after.(she是 look after的执行者)I will go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought? （you

12、不是buy的执行者）6.作状语（1）作目的状语，“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。To finish the task on time, we went all out. He was too excited to say a single word. Im glad to meet you. The boy is old enough to go to school.（2）作结果状语，常表示令人意外的结果，常用于下列结构中：only/just to do表示意想不到的结果enough to do

13、足够做tooto do太而不能so/suchas to如此以至于 二 动词ing一、 v+ing 的形成： 1. v+ing的构成形式 1） 动词原形+ing 2） 以辅音字母+不发音e结尾， 去e后+ing 3） 以单个字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写该辅音字母后+ing 2. v+ing 的否定式：not +v+ing 3. v+ing的时态和语态 及物动词 主动语态被动语态意义一般式 doingbeing done 其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生 完成式having donehaving been done 其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生 e.g.1.We

14、saw the boy playing near the river. 2.Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 3.Having been an English teacher many years, he knew how to help students to learn English. 4. Not having received his answer, I wrote him again. 5. Having been told the bad news, he burst into tears.二、v+ing的语法功能: V+ing 可以在句

15、中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、主补、定语、状语，也可以与be组成谓语。（1）作主语 动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语dong名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用的固定句型有：Its a waste of time doingIts no use/good doingIt is useless/nice/interesting/doingThere is noe.g. Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth. Its no use complaining without taking action. There is

16、no joking about such serious matters.（2）作宾语 The artist can finish drawing a horse in five minutes. The boys enjoyed watching TV. He insisted on my going with him.【注】：1. 只跟动名词作宾语的常见动词有：考虑建议盼原谅 consider,suggest/advise ,look forward to, excuse/pardon承认想推迟完成 admit ,fancy, delay/ put off避免错过继续练 avoid, mi

17、ss, keep(on), practise否认准许介意逃亡 deny, allow/permit, mind, escape,禁止想象才冒险 forbid, imagine, risk不禁欣赏 cant help, appreciateThe law forbids smoking in public buildings.I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.2. to 为介词的动词短语 be/ get used to lead to pay attention to devoteTo listen to refer. .to

18、 get down to look forward to see to object to stick to turn to3. 在下列结构中, 可以省略in, 其后接v+ing形式作宾语. have difficulty/ trouble / a good /happy/ hard time (in)doing sth. e.g.: I have some difficulty _( read) her handwriting. We have a good time _ (play) football yesterday. There is no good/use/ harm/need/p

19、oint (in) doing sth. e.g.: There is no point/need _( wait) for him. He wont show up. spend time/ money (in) doing sth. waste time/ money (in) doing sth. e.g.: He spent his whole life _ (look) after the poor.4. 在go on, keep, 及keep on后常用v+ing形式。 e.g.：Lets go on _( practice) some new words He kept _( n

20、od) as he listen.5. 句中的谓语动词尽管与句子的主语（逻辑主语）有被动关系，却用v+ing的主动形式表示被动意义。 be worth doing=be worthy to be done/ of being donee.g.: This picture is not worth looking at This picture is not worthy _ _ _ . This picture is not worthy _ _ _ .6. 如果宾语补足语是no good /use/ need（=point）,常用it做形式宾语, e.g.：I think it no use

21、 _( try) again. We find it no good _( do ) it in that way.7. 在want, need, require等表示“需要”动词后，要用:sth.want/ need/ require+v-ing=sth.want/ need/ require to be done句型。用主动结构表示被动意思e.g.: The trees need watering. =The trees need _ _ _. My desk wants to be repaired=My desk wants _. (3作表语 动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子

22、主语常是表示无生命的名词，也表示主语的状态与特征；有时表示主语的内容。 The situation is encouraging. The story sounds quite moving. My job is teaching. (4)作补语 v-ing常用于一些动词如find, keep, leave及感观动词watch，see, notice, hear, feel, observe, 使役动词have, let, make等后面作宾语补足语和主语补足语. 1. I hear someone knocking at the door. 2. The doctor found the b

23、oy lying on the ground and dying fast. 3. She was seen entering the office last night. (5)作定语，表主动、进行。 单个v-ing 作定语时，放在名词前，若是v-ing短语作定语时则要放在名词后。 He is a promising young man. We sat there and watched the rising sun.v-ing 短语作后置定语时，相当于一个定语从句： 1. The man speaking at the meeting is a professor from Beijing

24、. =The man who spoke at the meeting is a professor from Beijing.2. I receive a letter, inviting me to a party. = I receive a letter, _ _ me to a party.（六）作状语 v-ing 作原因, 时间状语时，通常位于句子前部: 作方式伴随或结果状语时, 通常位于句子后面. 1）原因：Not knowing his address, I couldnt find his house. 2）Seeing the pictures, he couldnt he

25、lp thinking of his mother. 3）The dog was standing at the gate, barking. 4）He put the finger in his mouth, tested it and smile, looking pleased. 6.) Her husband died two years ago, leaving her with two children.四. 独立主格结构独立主格结构由代词或名词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。常由逗号将其与主句隔开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从

26、句。The situation getting worse, they had to ask for help.No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class.The guard stood by the door, gun in hand.There+being+名词/代词It+being+名词/代词/形容词There being no bus,we had to walk home.It being Sunday,I didnt need to get up early. 过去分词一、 过去分词的形成 1. 过去分词的构成

27、形式：done 2. 过去分词的时态形式： 过去分词只用一般式: 及物动词的过去分词，表示动作已完成或被动意义。 不及物动词的过去分词， 则表示动作已经完成。 3. 过去分词的否定形式：not done二、 过去分词的句法功能： 1. 过去分词可以与相对应的助动词构成完成时和被动语态的结构。 have/ has/ had+过去分词 be+过去分词 2. 作句子中的表语、定语、补语或状语1）作表语：与连系动词构成谓语，表示主语的状态与特征。2）作定语:单个过去分词作定语时， 一般放在所修饰的名词前；如果时去分词短语,要放在所修饰的名词后。The unfinished job must be fi

28、nish today.This is one of the buildings designed by my father.3) 作补语,表被动、完成。 He is going to have his hair cut. You must get your watch repaired. When she returned home,she found the window open and something steal. 主要是感官动词和使役动词的主语补足语和宾语补足语.吴（五）看三室（使）两厅（听）一感觉look at/ see/ watch/ notice/ observemake/

29、let/ havelisten to/ hearfeelId like to see the plan carried out.have/get/make +宾语+done 让被/遭遇某事（强调被动性动作）Ill have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.He had his wallet stolen on his way home.4) 作状语：过去分词作状语表示原因，条件，时间，方式和伴随动作或说明动作的背景或情况。 She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. The c

30、up is on the ground, broken.注：1.在when, while, as, if, though, unless, as if (as though ) 等连接的状语从句中， 如果主从句的主语相同，谓语有连系动词， 那么这个从句的主语和谓语的连系动词be可以省略，而保留v+ing或过去分词。He enjoyed music while（he was）working.If (you were) bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk.I wont attend her birthday party

31、unless (I am) invited.2. be (well) known for, be dressed in, be lost in thought, be faced with, be filled with 等短语作定语或状语时，说明其逻辑主语处于一种状态，这时,它们的面前没有being。The girl dressed in red is very beautiful.Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs

32、.他的足智多谋广为人知，因此，他能够帮助许多人解决私事。非谓语动词的句法功能比较1. 不定式与作主语时比较 1）一般情况两者可以互换， e.g.: Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.2）如果泛指某种行为、活动、或职业时，多用v-ing作主语； Walking in the morning is good for our health.3）如果表示特定的某一次行为或活动，尤其时将来的行为时，必须用动词不定式作主语。 To refuse him is not easy this time.2. 不定式,v+ing与过去分词作表语时比较 1) 不定式作表语时常用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设。也表示特定的某一次行为或活动，尤其时将来的行为. His wish is to enter a top famous university.2) 动名词做表语时多表示抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语通常是无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。 The news is exciting. The flowers look pleasing. Our job is playing all kinds of music. 3) 过去分词作表语时，表示主语的特征或状态。 The window