2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

USEOFSectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C,orDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybeinligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,hutexinstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheinlectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheinligenceanddiseasesareintimay18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. [C]cost 15.[A]given[D]put [B]integrated 文章首段句叙述到Theideathatsomepeoplemaybemoreinligentthanothersisoneof.Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybeinligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution. ButGregoryCochran,(anotedscientificiconoclast),is…tosayitanyway.“但是GregoryCochran…无论如何也要说出来。”obliged述到TheideathatsomepeoplemaybemoreinligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesHeisthatbird,ascientistwhoworksindependentlyanyinstitution.他是…的科学家，他的观点与其他科学specialrareAwork…短语，在句子中充当谓语，句子叙述Heisthatrarebird,ascientistwhoworksindependentlyanyinstitution.“他就是极少选项Aof在…with与…in在…against与…institutionA，他就是极少数的科学家，在所有Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4 thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]la词汇辨析题本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。句子叙述到ehelpedpopuarizetheidahatsomedieasesnotthoughttohaveabaterilcasewereacuallyinfctons,whichuffledmanysientificfeatherswhenitwasfistsggestd.他普及了一种观点，即某些…没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争”选项Asubsequentlypresentlypreviouslylay后来选项D.la 5he,however,mighttrembleatthe ofwhatheisaboutto 逻辑关系题本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到he,however,mighttrembleatthethoughtofwhatheisabouttodo.但是，…是他自己在想到要做选项AOnly仅仅（表示强调So因此（表示结果Even甚至，即使（表示让步，包含转折意义Hence因而（表示结果atthe…of的搭配，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Evenhe,however,mighttrembleattheofwhatheisabouttodo.“但是，即使是他自己在atthesightofattheriskof…Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,hutexinstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.7.[A]advise[B]suggests[C]sandHenryHarpending,oftheUniversityofUtah,heispublishing,ina ingeditionoftheJournalofBiosocialScience,apaperwhichnotonly thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,butexinstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.“他同两位科学家一起了一篇，中不仅…某些人比其他人，而且解释了导致这种情况的过sobjects不难发现，句子的主语为“apaper”，宾语为“thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,butexinstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout”一群人比另一群”，符合句子含义；选项C. s，“中不仅某些人比其他人”，Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.8.[A]progress D固定搭配题本题目选择介词短语，在句子中充当定语，修饰前面的thegroup。句ThegroupareaparticularpeopleorganizedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.“…的这些人是于中欧的一个独特民族，整个过程就是自然选择。”选项Ainprogress在…infactinneedinquestion不难发现，前文提到的一群人比另一群人，这个固定人群已经确定。选项A.inThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheinlectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13. AshkenazimgenerallydowellinIQtests12-15pointsAshkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，…1215分。”选项A.attaining获得（长期努力）;scoringreachingcalculating不难发现，句子中的宾语是分数，因此要选择得分。因此，正确答案为B词汇辨析题本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语，修饰后面的名词。句子叙述到scoring12-15pointsabovethevalueof100,“Ashkenazim100分的…分多得12分到15分。”选项Anormalcommonmeanvaluetotal不难发现，100分是个参照值，这个数字是大多数人的基本智商数值。因此，正确答案为C。wellinIQtests,scoring12-15pointsabovethemeanvalueof100,andhavecontributedtotheinlectualandculturallifeoftheWest,“Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，比100分的选项A.unconsciously无意识地； y yunaccountablyAunconsciously无意识地,“这个民族的智商很高却无意民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商却不成比例”，符合句子含义；选项C. numberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些凶险的词汇辨析题本题目选择名词，在as引导的非限制性定语从句中充当主语。句子叙述到AshkenazimgenerallydowellinIQtests,scoring12-15pointsabovethemeanvalueof100,andhavecontributeddisproportiona ytothein lectualandculturallifeoftheWest,astheofFreud,EinsteinandMahler,picturedabove, “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最却不成比例。像、等人一样的…所…的。”选项AmissionsfortunesinterestscareersD。词汇辨析题本题目选择动词，在非限制性定语从句中充当谓语。句子叙述到asthecareersofFreud,EinsteinandMahler,picturedabove,.“成功的，等著名选项Aaffirmwitnessobserveapprove不符合句子含义；选项C.observe观察，“成功的，等著名人物观察了以上因此，正确答案为A。Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education. 15.[A]given [D]put 逻辑关系题本题目选择逻辑关系词体现前后两个句子的逻辑关系句子叙述到Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasTay-Sachsandbreastcancer.Thesefacts, ,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.“此外选项Amoreovertherefore meanwhileC，此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些恶性的遗传病，例如。然而以前认为这两者是没有关联的。tosocialeffects…“前者…于社会影响。”选择动词，主语和宾语提供信息决定答案。选项A.begivenupto让与getover克服（to连用carriedon继续（to连用beputdownto项B.getover克服（to连用）C.carriedon继续（不与Theformerhasbeenputdowntosocialeffects,suchasstrongtraditionofeducation.“前者归因于于社会影响，例如…教育的优良选项AassessingsupervisingadministeringvaluingA.assessing选项B.supervisingC.administering管理，管理教育的优良传统，不符合句子含义；选项D.valuing重视，重视教育的优良传统，Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgenetic ofgeneticisolation.“后者被视为遗传的…。”选项Adevelopmentoriginconsequence结果（asaconsequenceof以…为结果，由于instrument句子含义；选项B.origin，不能构成“asoriginof”的短语，不符合句子含义；选项C.consequence结果，asaconsequenceof以…为结果，由于…“后者被认为是遗传的结不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为C。 ligenceanddiseasesare y18 [B] 词汇辨析题本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到DrCochran,however,sthatthe ligenceandthediseasesare .“但是，Cochran怀疑智力和病 的。选项AlinkedintegratedwovencombinedHisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 固定搭配题本题目选择动词，在句子中构成固定搭配，充当谓语。句子叙述到HisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryoftheAshkenazimhasthemtouniqueevolutionarypressures“他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们…某些独特的进化压力”。选项Alimited限制（belimitedto短语，被限制在subjected屈服（subject…to..使…屈服于converteddirected不难发现，Alimited限制（belimitedto短语，被限制在），在句子之中…，“这些thattheunusualhistoryoftheAshkenazimhassubjectedthemtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthisstateofaffairs.“他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们屈服选项A.paradoxical相互的；inevitable的 SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingfour.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomesphereofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychologistatNewYork'sVctcran'sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthathormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It'snotnecessarilythatwomendon'tcopeaswell.It'sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen's,”sheobserves,“It'sjustthatthey'redealingwithsomanymorethingsthatthey ewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”DrYehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthees.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingswomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicofrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysical .Thekindsofinter thatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunay,patentsofotherfamilymembers,andtheyendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewearandtearthatoccursfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother:“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.Noteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstresses,Alvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecowithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez'sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletoWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbyWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincowithMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwith needextradosesofchemicalstohandlehavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingaremorecapableofavoidingareexposedtomoreAccordingtoparagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendsto domesticandirregularanddurableandtrivialandThesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck”(line6.para.5)shows AlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingAlvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdAlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentAlvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbyWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheStrainofStress:NoWayResponsestoStress:GenderGenderInequality:WomenUnder文章首段句是Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,博士说，“与相Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.对人类和动物的研究均表明Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreased“opportunities”forstress.使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是DrYehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweentheAdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.AdelineAlvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但还是决心要把大学第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是Butmostwomentodayarecowithalotofobligations,WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbyWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincowithMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwith该题目作为推断题，要找到对应段落的句。文章第一段Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomesphereofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychologistatNewYork'sVctcran'sAdministrationHospital.该段只有两个句子，首句Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomesphereofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.尽句叙述到Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,…Yehuda博士bothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthathormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.该段只有两个句子，尾句叙述到Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的被摘除，他们段首句为句。句叙述到Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthathormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.对人类和动物的研究均表明在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比AWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.女性在生理bymen.女性仍然由于所造成的压力，与相关信息句动作“与相比，女性面对是造成的；选项C.Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincowithstress.在处理压力选项D.Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.当面对压力时和AWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.女性在生理上更易受压力影响。落中间，必须在转折意义的but,however,surprisingly,virtually,indeed,infact,yetnow的后面，否则段首或段尾的语言完整，形式简洁，观点明确的句子即为句。即，段落摆在，作统计，引引语接是可能是细节句(引号的内容是细节句的五个特点,该句子是细节句;引号内容是语言完整,形是），做实验，打比方） 选项A.needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.妇女应对压力时需要的药品havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.aremorecapableofavoidingstress.areexposedtomorestress.妇女在压力中该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。带着“Yehuda”粗略定位在文章第三段，利用“women”精确定位在“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheyewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过，只妇女要承受的压力。选项A.needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.妇女应对压力时需要的药品，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过，只是她们关信息句中明确“妇女忍受能力远远超过”；选项C.aremorecapableofavoidingstress.妇女更能够避免压力，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生”完全相悖，相关信息句中明确“她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快发生”；选项D.areexposedtomorestress.在压力中，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D.areexposedtomorestress.在压力中。细节题Accordingtoparagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendsto .irregularandviolent..trivialandrandom.该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用thestresswomenconfront”Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.”我认为妇女所的这种压力趋向于是一种慢性并且重复的本性。因此，正确答案为C.durableandfrequent.更持久，更频繁。开。即，who,what,when,where,why,how。解题要点：利用四步法中第一、第二两个步骤，识词题Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck”(line6.para.5)shows Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdAlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentAlvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingby汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。将“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother:It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.careofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.“最的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付，交汽车还有还债。”可见，Alvarez的最大问题是入不敷出。选项A.Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.Alvarez只关coveredherhouseholdexpenses. 此，正确答案为B.Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.Alvarez的工资几乎日常家庭开销的花费。（补充：识词题，将词汇回归原文后。先找后面解Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthe?段句是WomenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinStudiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthat hormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.对人类和动物的研究均表明在某种程度上影响对压力的反Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased会增多。DrYehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthees.Yhuda博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.AdelineAlvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但还是决心要把大学读完。第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是Butmostwomentodayarecowithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeeling章叙述的主要内容是妇女承受压力及其原因的问题。因此，正确答案为D.Gender全文翻译尽管女性在现活的某些领域一直未能超过，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走在了的前面。在纽约退伍管理医院工作的首席学家对人类和动物的研究都表明在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样状况下，处下的雌鼠的（雌性官）被摘除，他们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠一样多。Yehuda博士说，“这并不是说女性做事不如做得那样好，只是因为她们要做的事儿太复的。参战，要承受压力。接触的往往是随机的身体上的，而女性接触的AdelineAlvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但是决心读完大学。“我认为获得大学 Alvarez，并非每个人都会经历长期的严重压力，但是如今大多数女性要承担许多Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger,TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment--fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)wasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byjohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketifestimatedatbetween$7billionand$IIbillion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalpublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threeoneswereidentifiedbythereport'sauthor.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsitelicensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)forthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereoriginationssuchasuniversitiesofinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitlyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthor thebackgroundinformationofjournalthepublicationroutineoflaboratorytherelationsofauthorswithjournalthetraditionalprocessofjournalWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDIt ernment-fundedItintroducesaneffectivemeansofItupsetsprofit-makingjournalItbenefitsscientificresearchAccordingtothetext.onlinepublicationissignificantin itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificitbringshugeprofitstoscientificitemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificitfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificWiththeopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperifrequired coverthecostofitssubscribetothejournalpublishingallowotheronlinejournalstouseitcompletethepeer-reviewbeforeWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaoftheTheInternetisposingathreattoAnewmodalofpublicationis ethenewchannelforPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonline文章首段句是Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.过去事情如此简单。里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期，之后期编辑从上删掉作者的名字和简历，将他送给审阅。根据的审阅评语，编辑将论第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Nolonger,TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyernment--fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresults第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.知识价值以及公Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome多有75%的学术期可查阅。推断题Inthefirstparagraph,theauthor 选项A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.期编辑信息的背景thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.实验报告的例行工作therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.作者和期商的关系thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.传统的期的程序度概括，但是主语“It”不明确，指代后面所有语句内容。句子叙述到Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.过去事情如此简单。里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期，之后 或退稿。 确答案为D.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.传统的期的程序。WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDItintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.报告引进了一种有效的方法该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“OECDreport”定位到Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVicheryofOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherwhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofit.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat澳大利亚大学的休斯顿和OECD的GrahamVichery做的报告使已经获得利润的商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解。选项A.Itcriticizesernment-fundedresearch.报告资助的研究，与相关信息句动作“使已”关信息句中没有涉及“资助的研究”；选项B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.报告引进了一种有效的方法，与相关信息句动作“使已经获得利润及“有效的方法”；选项C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.报告令赚钱的精力去阅读去理解”相关联，动作“令赚钱的商们感到不安”对应于“使已经获得巨额利润的商们要做大量阅读”，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项D.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.报告十分有利于科学研究。因此，正确答案为C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.令赚钱的商们感到不安。细节题Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantin Aitprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificitbringshugeprofitstoscientificitemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificitfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientific该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“onlinepublication”定位到第四段“Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreement.”这就是所谓的大。通过网络，机构用户可以接近（查询）标题。选项A.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.让提供容易查询的科学研究成果，与相关信息句动作“通过网项B.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.给科研工作者带来利润，与ofscientificknowledge.强调科学知识的巨大作用，与相关信息句动作“通过网络））细节题Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperifrequired subscribetothejournalpublishingit.同意期它allowotheronlinejournalstouseitly.允许其他期随意使用它该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“theauthorofapaper”Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.”有公开阅读物，一般是要求作者或者其雇主为即将的材料来付钱。选项A.coverthecostofitspublication.支付费用，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将的材料来付钱”直接关联，体现“同意替换”作者或者其雇主为即将的材料来付钱”没有任何关联，相关信息句没有涉及“同意期它”；选项C.allowotheronlinejournalstouseit 息句中没有涉及“允许期随意使用它”；选项D.completethepeer-reviewbefore正确答案为A.coverthecostofitspublication.支付费用WhichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaoftheAnewmodalofpublicationisemerging.一种新的模式出现 首段句是Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordecline 文或退稿。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Nolonger,TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment--fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsaandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionand看到。第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport, 辑将或者退稿。 不多16000种期上超过120万篇。的是让作者（或其他雇主）支付的费用。最后一种是开放权限模式，即背后有 。所有这些都会改变审阅 Intheearly1960s,WiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeyersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadyedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesyingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speopleespeciallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerationsapparentlyreachedtheirlimitinthecariy1960s,Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneaswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAyers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingpayersfromalloverworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrientsnotably,proteintofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthi