汇丰银行的信贷风险管理

CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT信贷风险管理HSBC汇丰银行1CREDIT CULTURE信贷文化l Risk averse given Banks high gearing and thin marginl 倾向低风险，由于银行高负债和低利息差l Proper goals and measures with controlsl 适当的目标和措施及控制l The Line takes primary (or joint) responsibility of the credit decisionsl 前线部门对贷款决定负主要（或共同）责任l Burden of proof on the Linel 证明应贷款责任在于前线部门l Never feel embarrassed to ask “dumb” questionsl 不用担心问 “愚笨 ”的问题 2CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT信贷风险管理Prerequisite:先决条件l Senior managements support (positive intervention?)l 高层管理的支持（积极干预？）l People (technical capability, integrity and inter-personal skills)l 人员（技术能力、人格和人际交往能力）l Organization and Systeml 组织及系统Attribute:特征l Independent 独立性l No bottom-line responsibility 没有盈利责任l Professional 专业性l Firm and fair 坚定和公正3STRUCTURE AND APPROVAL PROCESS结构和认证程序Board of Directors董事会行政总裁（总部）GHQCEOAPHCEO行政总裁（亚太区）AMHGM总经理（香港及中国大陆）Line前线部门信贷总经理GM CreditCCO首席信贷官HD Credit 信贷部门主管Concurrence认同Approval审批Approval审批Approval审批Country Risk/Bank Risk国家风险 /银行风险Market Risk/Credit Risk市场风险 /信用风险Market Risk/Credit Risk市场风险 /信用风险Credit信用4ALTERNATIVES选择l Centralized vs Decentralized集权 /分权l Individual vs Committee (composition and decision making process)个人 /委员会（债务组成及决策过程）Factors to consider: 需要考虑的因素l Individual / Collective Decision / Responsibilityl 个人 /集体决策 /责任l Senior managements trust 高层管理的信任l Quality of staff (at centre and in the line) 员工的素质 （管理人员和一线职员）l Specialization of staff 员工专业化l Effectiveness of internal control system 内部控制系统的功效l Quality of service (e.g. turnaround time) 服务的质量（例如：报废项目时间）l Others (fraud prevention etc.) 其他（防范欺诈等）5Structure and Account Cycle结构及客户信贷周期Policy/政策Approval审批Risk Monitoring风险监督Recovery追偿Head of CRM信贷风险管理部Loans贷款Unhealthy loans不良贷款Review回顾Review回顾6Credit Policy, Guidelines and Procedures Manual 信贷政策，指南及程序手册l Key business objectives 主要业务目标l Structure and Responsibility 结构及职责l Economic Outlook 经济预期l Sectoral Analysis 行业分析l Business Strategy and Focus 业务战略和重点l Risk Assessment and Credit Appetite 风险评估和信贷偏好l Lending Guidelines 贷款指南l Credit Products, Procedures and Advice 信贷产品、程序和建议 7CREDIT POLICY信贷政策信贷政策l Market positioning and risk appetite 市场定位和风险偏好Return 回报Private Bank Commercial Bank Subprime Lender私人银行 商业银行 次级贷款人 -Large corporate 大型企业-Middle market 中端市场-Small business 小型企业-Consumer 消费者Risk 风险8MARKET SEGMENTATION CREDIT TOOLS 市场细分 信贷工具l Corporate Banking - Large corporate - Judgemental (plus Rating, KMV, MRA)公司金融 -大型公司 -主观判断（加评分， KMV, MRA)l Commercial Banking Medium sized corporate Judgemental 公司金融 -中型企业 -主观判断l Business Banking Small business Scoring商务理财 -小型企业 -评分l Personal Financial Services Consumer Scoring个人金融服务 -消费者 -评分9Delinquency Rates, All Banks, SA (USA)贷款不良率 美国所有银行 0246810121491Q191Q392Q192Q393Q193Q394Q194Q395Q195Q396Q196Q397Q197Q398Q198Q399Q199Q300Q100Q301Q101Q3Residential *住房贷款Commercial *商业房地产贷款C&I Loans工商贷款Total Loans & Leases贷款和租赁总额%10Charge-Off Rates, All Banks, SA (USA)冲销率 所有银行 美国0.00.51.01.52.02.53.091Q191Q392Q192Q393Q193Q394Q194Q395Q195Q396Q196Q397Q197Q398Q198Q399Q199Q300Q100Q301Q101Q3Commercial *商业房地产贷款C&I Loans工商贷款Total Loans & Leases贷款及租赁总额%Residential *住房贷款11Loan Quality in HK香港地区贷款质量-10%-5%0%5%10%15%20%NPL % 不良贷款比例 Credit card charge-off ratio (annualised)年信用卡冲销比例Mortgage Delinquency Rate住房贷款不良率 Real GDP (year on year % change)年实际 GDP变化率12CREDIT RISK ASSESSMENT信贷风险评估Corporate and Commercial Banking 公司金融 （大型和中型企业）l Operating Risks 运营风险 Borrower Grade 借款人评级l Financial Risks (including Projection) (PD) 财务风险（包括财务预测）（违约机率）l Account Conduct 来往状况 l Security and Facility Structure抵押品、贷款结构及评级Facility Grade 设施评级(Property + Marketable Securities) （ 财产和可交易的证券） 13Small Business 小型企业l More vulnerable to economic downturn 易受经济下滑的影响l Information problematic (low financial transparency and reliability) 信息问题（财务信息透明度及可信度不高）l High operating risks (relatively weak in management skills) 高运营风险（较弱的管理能力）Characteristics of the Scorecard 记分卡的特征l Companys financials 公司财务状况l Companys credit history and behavior 公司信用历史和表现l Companys attributes (age, sector, size etc) 公司性质（成立时间的长短、所属行业、规模等）l Owners scores 公司所有者的评分 14英国小型公司主要业务的设立与终止设立千 /每季度终止15Consumer 消费贷款Criteria Based Lending 根据准则所进行的信贷l More commonly for secured products, e.g. mortgage, car loans, HP and loans secured by liquid assets多用于担保产品，例如：住房贷款、汽车贷款、租赁及用流动资产担保的贷款l Security coverage 抵押品 /贷款 比例l Income coverage 收入 /还款 比例16Mortgage Loan Quality (HK)香港地区住房贷款质量1.00%2.00%3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%7.00%8.00%Dec-98Feb-99Apr-99Jun-99Aug-99Oct-99Dec-99Feb-00Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01Apr-01Jun-01Aug-01Oct-01Dec-01Feb-02050100150200250300Mortgage Delinquency Rate住房贷款不良率Unemployment rate失业率Residential Price Index (1989=100) (RHS)住房价格指数 （以 1989年为 100）17Credit Card Quality信用卡质量3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%7.00%8.00%9.00%Dec-98Mar-99Jun-99Sep-99Dec-99Mar-00Jun-00Sep-00Dec-00Mar-01Jun-01Sep-01Dec-01Mar-02-1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000No. of Bankruptcy Petitions破产申请Credit card charge-off ratio (annualised)年信用卡冲销率Unemployment rate 失业率Bankruptcy Petitions (RHS) 破产申请 （ RHS)18Scoring 评分评分l Rank ordering 分级l Application and Behavioral Scoresl 申请信贷和行为评分l Generic and Customized Scoresl 通用评分和专用评分l Credit card, personal loans, etc 信用卡，个人贷款等19CREDIT RISK MONITORING信贷风险监督l Management Information 管理信息(CPAN, IBIS, REMIND, SCOPE, etc)l Grade classification / migrationl 评级分类 /变动情况l Score distribution / flow ratel 分值分布 /流动率20PRICING STRATEGY定价战略1. Interest margin: hurdle rates, e.g. bonds. 利率边际：障碍率，例如：债券2. RORA: return on the overall relationship 总体关系的回报3. EP: cost of capital 经济利润：资本成本Factors to consider: 考虑因素l PD (Borrowers grade) 违约机率l LGD 损失比率l Term 年期l Cost of capital 资本成本l Competition 竞争l Business potential 发展潜力 21DEBT RECOVERY (1)贷款收回贷款收回 （ 1）Objective目标Risk vs Relationship风险 或 关系Strategy战略Rehabilitation OR Exit贷款康复 或退出22DEBT RECOVERY (2)贷款收回贷款收回 (2)Workout - Factors for success债务重组 - 成功的因素- legal system (Scheme of Arrangement, Individual Voluntary Arrangement, Bankruptcy Law)- 法律体系 (债务安排计划、个人自愿安排、破产法）- professional support (lawyer, accountant, financial advisor, asset search agent, debt collector)- 专业支持 （律师、会计师、财务顾问、资产搜寻代理、债务追偿人）- customer self-rescue (transparency, commitment and cooperation)- 客户 - 自救措施 （透明、承担与合作） - multi-bank - supportive, expeditious and equitable the Hong Kong Approach- 多头银行 -支持态度、迅速及公平 （香港原则）23DEBT RECOVERY (3)贷款收回（贷款收回（ 3）Feedback 回馈