非谓语动词appt课件

非谓语动词非谓语动词 非非 谓语谓语 动词是指在句子中不是谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语 的动词，主要包括的动词，主要包括 不定式不定式 、 动名词动名词 和和 分词分词 （ 现在分词现在分词 和过去分词），和过去分词）， 即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词 除了除了 不能独立作谓语外不能独立作谓语外 ，可以承担，可以承担 句子的任何成分。句子的任何成分。 不定式不定式 动名词动名词 分词分词 非谓语动词非谓语动词 分类分类 动词不定式无人称和数的变 化 ,但有时态和语态的变化。 不定式 时态 语态 主 动语态 被 动语态 一般式 to write to be written 进 行式 to be writing 完成式 to have written to have been written 完成 进 行式 to have been writing 1. 作主语作主语 To master a language is not an easy thing . 但为使句子平衡但为使句子平衡 ,常用常用 it 作形式主语作形式主语 , 把它移到把它移到 句子后部去句子后部去 . It is not an easy thing to master a language . 不定式的句法功能 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语 2. 作宾语作宾语 主要结构有两种： A. 动词 +不定式 e.g. I like to help others if I can. B. 疑问词 +不定式 e.g. Have you decided where to go for a picnic? 3. 作宾语补足语作宾语补足语 在在 三使三使 （役）（役） let、 make、 have； 二听二听 listen to、 hear； 四看四看 look at 、 see、 watch、 notice 一感觉一感觉 feel observe 等动词后面作宾语时，用不带等动词后面作宾语时，用不带 to的的 不定式。不定式。 但当变为被动语态时，需但当变为被动语态时，需 在动词前加上在动词前加上 to。 e.g. 1. I made them give me the money back. 我迫使他们把钱还给我。 2. I didnt see you come in. 我没看见你进来。 3. I heard him sing in the next room. 我听见他在隔壁唱歌。 He was heard to sing in the next room. 有人听见他在隔壁唱歌。 4. 作表语作表语 A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。 He is to marry Rose. B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist. C. 表示情态意义 (应该 , 必须 )。 The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. She is to blame. 5.不定式作定语不定式作定语 不定式作定语，通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词不定式作定语，通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词 之后。之后。 e.g. He is aways the last one to leave the office. 他总是最后一个离开办公室的人。他总是最后一个离开办公室的人。 6. 不定式作状语不定式作状语 1)不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语 e.g. He got up early to review his lesson. 他早起是为了复习功课。他早起是为了复习功课。 强调强调 作目的状语的不定式作目的状语的不定式 , 常用常用 in order (not) to， so as (not) to短语短语 .前者可前者可 放在句首放在句首 ,也可放在句中也可放在句中 ;后者只能放在后者只能放在 句中。句中。 2).不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语 作结果状语的不定式作结果状语的不定式 常用于一些固定搭常用于一些固定搭 配中。如配中。如 :too to e.g. She was too tired to walk. 她累得走不动了。她累得走不动了。 二、动名词 动名词的形式：动名词的形式： 由由 “ 动词原形动词原形 +ing” 构成。构成。 时态 语态 主 动语态 被 动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done (一 ).动名词动名词 的语法形式 动名词动名词 无人称和数的变化 ,但有时态 和语态的变化 . (二 )、动名词的句法功能 具有名词的特征 ,可充当成分 : 主语 宾语 表语 定语 1. 动名词作主语动名词作主语 Seeing is believing. Playing chess is fun. Its no use waiting here. 动名词作主语动名词作主语 ,也可用也可用 it 作形式作形式 主语主语 .但只限于下面句型但只限于下面句型 : 1） 动名词在 “It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结 构中作主语， it为形式主语。例如 ： e.g. It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. It is no use talking too much. 2） 动名词在 “It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如： It is nice playing chess after supper. 3） 动名词在 “There is (was) no + doing” 结构中作主语。例如： There is no denying that she is very efficient. 2. 动名词作表语动名词作表语 动名词作表语起名词作用动名词作表语起名词作用 ,表示主语的内容表示主语的内容 ,这时这时 动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。 The nurses job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurses job. Four skills of English learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing. = listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning . 注 : 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语 ,没有太 大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词 ; 在表 示具体某次动作 , 特别是将来的动作时 ,多用不定 式。 3. 动名词作定语动名词作定语 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词 没有逻辑上的主谓关系没有逻辑上的主谓关系 .。表示名词用途。表示名词用途 。 a racing car= a car that is used to race a swimming pool= a pool that is used to swim in 单个的动名词作单个的动名词作 定语定语 ,放在被放在被 修饰的词前修饰的词前 ; 动名词短语作动名词短语作 定语定语 ,放在被放在被 修饰的词语后修饰的词语后 ; Do you know the sleeping car on show ? The boy sitting under the tree is reading. 4. 动名词作宾语动名词作宾语 1）动名词作）动名词作 动词动词 宾语宾语 下列动词后只能接动名词：下列动词后只能接动名词： suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。 I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort. I recommend buying the dictionary. Will you admit having broken the window? 有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作 宾语。常这样用的动词短语有： leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, cant stand , cant help . 2）动名词作）动名词作 介词 宾语宾语 注意 : 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语 , 只能是动名词 ,不可用不定式 。 Are you good at playing football? 其他介词不易错 ,重点是介词 to .因为不定式 符号也是 to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语。 look forward to ,devoteto, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on ones way to 这些短语中的这些短语中的 to都是介词。都是介词。 I am used to watching TV in the evening. 1. The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 2. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having 高考点击高考点击Practice 3. I really cant understand _ her like that. A.you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating 4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A.to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 返回 三、分词三、分词 现在分词与过去分词现在分词与过去分词 . 充当成分充当成分 : 宾语补足语宾语补足语 ,表语表语 , 定语定语 , 状语状语 . （一）现在分词（一）现在分词 (1).现在分词现在分词 现在分词现在分词 无人称和数的变化 ,但有时态和语态的 变化 .其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同 . 时态 语态 主 动语态 被 动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done (2)、 现在分词现在分词 的句法功能的句法功能 具有形容词和副词的特征具有形容词和副词的特征 ,可充可充 当成分当成分 :表语表语 定语定语 ,宾语补足语宾语补足语 , 状语状语 1. 现在分词作表语现在分词作表语 现在 分词作表语起形容词作用分词作表语起形容词作用 ,说明主说明主 语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常 译为译为 ”使使 (令令 ) 怎样。怎样。 ” 如如 : The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving. (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting.) 2. 现在分词作定语现在分词作定语 现在分词作定语现在分词作定语 , 表示主动意义表示主动意义 ,它与所修饰的它与所修饰的 名词构成名词构成 主谓关系主谓关系 ,通常可改为定语从句。它通常可改为定语从句。它 从以下两方面来说明中心词。从以下两方面来说明中心词。 A.表示动作正在进行表示动作正在进行 Dont wake up the sleeping boy. = Dont wake up the boy who is sleeping I don t know the man writing something over there. =I don t know the man who is writing something over there. 3.现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语 用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的 执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系 ； A.作感官动词的 宾补宾补 , 如如 : see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 表示正在进行的表示正在进行的 意义意义 We found them reading in the classroom. 4. 现在分词作状语现在分词作状语 现在分词可在句中作时间、原因现在分词可在句中作时间、原因 、条件、结果、条件、结果 , 让步、伴随让步、伴随 或方 式 等状语。等状语。 B. 作使役动词的 宾补宾补 , 如如 : have, get, keep , send, leave, catch 表示表示 ”使使 进行进行 /处于处于 (某种状态某种状态 )” ,强调动作或状强调动作或状 态的持续性态的持续性 . Can you keep the clock going? 1)作时间状语 , 可以表示三个时间概 念 A.表示和谓语动作同时发生 ,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = On hearing the good news, he B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的 过程中 ,表示 ”在做某事期间 ”相当于由 when/while 引导的时间状语从句。 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前 , 分词就要用完成时。如 : Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework. 2)作原因状语 ,相当于 由 because/as 引导的原因状语从句。 A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生 Being ill, he didnt go to school. =Because/As he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前 , 分词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to see it last night. 3)作条件状语 ,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语 从句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find 4)作让步状语 ,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting. 5)作伴随状语 (方式状语 ),表示同谓语的动 作同时发生 ,相当于由并列连词连接的两个 并列动作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意 :只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状 语 ,且常放于主句后。 6)作结果状语 ,现在分词的动作现在分词的动作 同谓 语动词的动作几乎同时发生。 The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two. 现在分词无论作何种状语现在分词无论作何种状语 , 它的逻辑主语必它的逻辑主语必 须是句子的主语须是句子的主语 ,句子的句子的 主语可能是分词动主语可能是分词动 作的执行者作的执行者 , 句子的句子的 主语也可能是分词动作主语也可能是分词动作 的承受者。的承受者。 但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达 方式中方式中 , 分词短语的逻辑主语和句子分词短语的逻辑主语和句子 的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的 有有 : 1)generally/strickly/+speaking 2)Judging from/talking of/allowing for 3) Considering that /seeing that /supposing that 注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 时间性时间性 。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如 发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式 having done。 语态性语态性 。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关 系或动宾关系。系或动宾关系。 人称一致性人称一致性 。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的 主语。主语。 1. _ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not completing D. Not having completed （原因状语）（原因状语） 高考点击高考点击Practice 2 The manager, _ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room. （时间或伴随状语）（时间或伴随状语） A who has made B having made C made D making 3 The storm left , _a lot of damage to this area . （结果状语）（结果状语） A caused B to have caused C to cause D having caused 4 _from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因状（原因状 语）语） A Being separated B Having separated C Having been separated D To be separated （二）过去分词（二）过去分词 (1).过去分词过去分词 的语法形式 过去分词过去分词 无人称和数的变化 ,也没有时态 和语态的变化。 (done) (2)、过去分词的句法功能、过去分词的句法功能 具有形容词和副词的特征具有形容词和副词的特征 ,可充当成分可充当成分 : 表语表语 定语定语 ,宾语补足语宾语补足语 , 状语状语 1.过去分词过去分词 作表语 过去分词过去分词 作表语 ,相当于一个形容词 ,说 明主语的状态。如， He is gone. The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved. 注意 :被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是 be+过去分词。过去分词。 这两种结构的主要区别是 :被动语态 强调所发生的动作 ,而系表结构表示 的是主语的特点或状态。 The cup was broken by my little brother. (被动结构 ) The cup is broken.(系表结构 ) 2.过去分词过去分词 作定语 过去分词过去分词 作定语 , 它的逻辑主语就是 它所修饰的词 ,有以下三个特点 : A.及物动词的 过去分词作定语和它的过去分词作定语和它的 逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时 间概念是完成。间概念是完成。 The building built last year can hold 1,000 people= The building that was built last year can B.不及物动词的 过去分词作定语只表示过去分词作定语只表示 动作的完成。动作的完成。 与它所修饰的名词没有 被被 动动 关系。 fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语 ,表面是修饰它后面的名词 ,但实质是说 明当事者的心理 状态。所以过去分词 与它所修饰的名词没有 被动被动 关系 。 The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise) The fathers loud voice made a frightened look appear on his daughters face. (The fathers daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.) 3. 过去分词作宾补 过去分词作宾补 ,过去分词和宾语的关系是 被动关系 ,说明宾语的状态 ,表示动作的完 成。常用来 作感官动词 ,如如 : see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 和使役动词 如如 : have, get, keep , send, leave, catch 的 宾补宾补 When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket. 4. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语 过过 去分去分 词词 可在句中可在句中 作作 时间时间 、条件、条件、 原因原因 、让步、让步 ,方式或伴随情况等状方式或伴随情况等状 语语 。 过过 去分去分 词词 无论作何种状语无论作何种状语 , 它的逻辑它的逻辑 主语必须是句子的主语主语必须是句子的主语 , 而且存在而且存在 着着 逻辑逻辑 上的被上的被 动动 关系关系 . 1)做时间或条件状语 ,通常放在句首。 Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town 2) 作 原因状原因状 语语 Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. =As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children. 3)作 让让 步状步状 语语 Seriously wounded, he still kept on fighting. =Although/Though he was seriously wounded, he still kept. 4)作作 方式或伴随情况方式或伴随情况 状状 语语 She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. =She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter. He sat there, lost in thought. = He sat there, and was lost in thought. _ more attention, the tree could have grown better. （条件状语） A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given. 2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定语） A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written Practice 高考点击 3 _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（原因） A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 4. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.（条件） A. begins B. having begun B. C. beginning D. begun 一、分析句