高血压英文ppt精品课件genomics computing

MIT-OCW Health Sciences Kurzweil 2002; Moore 1965 urea E.coli B12 tRNA operons telegraph Computation de-polarization. What is life? Should we construct from scratch? Did life evolve using intelligent design? When does human life begin? Stem cells & therapeutic cloning? Can we compare Apples & oranges? Should we buy iron-lungs or polio-vaccine research? Do we invest in anti-terrorism or anti-malaria? Hot buttonsEvolution Stem Cells Life extension Eugenics, race Privacy Security, Terrorism Genetically modified organisms - GMOs Intelligent machines Replicating machines Withholding experimental drugs (e.g. HIV & Cancer) Gender Do no harm, abortion Substance abuse Vioxx General Reading / Limits to Growth, The 30-Year Update by Donella H. Meadows, Jorgen Randers & Dennis L. Meadows 2004 Freakonomics by Levitt & Dubner 2005 As the Future Catches You by Juan Enriquez 2000 Genetic Programming IV: Routine Human-Competitive Machine Intelligence by John R. Koza et al. 2003 Consilience by E.O. Wilson 1998 Redesigning Humans by Gregory Stock 2002 Scientific Conquest of Death 2004 Collapse by Jared Diamond 2005 The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell 2000 The Wisdom of Crowds by James Surowiecki 2004 The Climate Of Man by Elizabeth Kolbert 2005 Widescale Biodiesel Production from Algae by Michael Briggs, Synthetic Life by WW Gibbs 2004 Personalized medicine by Francis S. Collins 2005 It seemed like a good idea at the time. Crops River life Grain trade Livestock Hygiene Insecticides Fertilizer Pets Tankers Power Plants /easter-island.htm Malaria Cholera Yersinia Flu & HIV Polio Silent Spring Anoxic fish Australian herbicide Mussels & sea snakes TMI, Chernobyl Unintended consequences Human subject experimentation( not a test) 7 questions. 5 seconds each 1. Write your name, email, school & year. 2. Estimate 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 3. From a group “of 70 engineers and 30 lawyers: Dick is a 30 year old man. He is married with no children. A man of high motivation, he promises to be quite successful in his field. He is well liked by his colleagues.“ What is the probability that Dick is an engineer? 4. Write down a string of 10 random H & T characters. 5. From 10 people, how many different committees of 2 members? and of 8 members? 6. One individual has drawn 4 red balls and 1 white. Another 12 red and 8 white. What odds should each individual give that the source is 2/3 red (rather than 2/3 white)? 7. Estimate 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 Economics Nobel 2002 “Economics has been regarded as a non-experimental science, where researchers as in astronomy or meteorology have had to rely exclusively on field data, however, these views have undergone a transformation. Controlled laboratory experiments have emerged as a vital component & have shown that basic postulates in economic theory should be modified. cognitive psychologists who have studied human judgment and decision-making, and experimental economists who have tested economic models in the laboratory. Daniel Kahneman and Vernon Smith.“ (see also: Judgement under Uncertainty 1974 Science 185:1124) Cognitive bias includes “very basic statistical and memory errors that are common to all human beings and drastically skew the reliability of anecdotal and legal evidence & significantly affect the scientific method.“ High-level decisions Leon Kass, chairs the US Presidents Council on Bioethics, opposed IVF 78 & stem cell research 05 via the wisdom of repugnance /DebateCriticalThinkingandPhilosophy/killingimmortality.msnw /books/Wisdom_of_Repugnance.html /site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=ktJ2J9MMIsE&b=194993&ct=1324903 The Wisdom of Crowds by James Surowiecki 2004 Interracial-marriage: Perez v. Sharp, CA 1948, Loving v. Virginia, U.S. Supreme Court 1967 Economics & Global Ecology “much of the current enthusiasm for market based regulation stems from the results of a pilot program launched in th US in 1990. Congress amended the clean air act that year to set up a market for the permits that power plants must have to release SO2 Supply & demand Market overseers need the power, analogous to the Federal Reserves“ -W Gibbs, Sci Am 2005 Quantifying the “unquantitifiable“ Interconversions in modeling Biofuels “Wrong assumptions and poor comparisons abound. ethanol subsidies are at $0.51 per gallon the total dollar amount is probably negative. The decrease in corn subsidies is far more than total ethanol subsidies in 2006. While total ethanol subsidies were about $2.5b in 2006, farm subsidies declined by an estimated $6b because of higher biofuels use - a net negative subsidy for ethanol! (-$0.71/gal?) oil subsidies? The absolutely lowest estimate I have seen is about $0.25 per gallon subsidy for gasoline using only the direct subsidies to oil producers. The conservative estimate of subsidy per gallon of gasoline including indirect costs is a few dollars per gallon ($4.00 per gallon was been mentioned) while aggressive estimates are more than twice that. How is a new fuel to compete?” ($8/gal?) /s/huffpost/20070123/cm_huffpost/039326 Vinod Khosla: President Bush, Please Declare a War on Oil! Vaccines for the 21st Century /html/vacc21/ Level I Most favorable: saves money & Quality-Adjusted Life Years(QALY) Level II $10,000 Level III $100K per QALY saved Level IV Level I candidate vaccines: Viral: CMV vaccine for 12 year olds, Flu vaccine for 20% of the US per year. Therapeutic vaccines: IDDM diabetes, MS, Rheumatoid arthritis Bacterial: Streptococcus B & pneumoniae vaccine for infants & 65 year olds. HIV vaccines prominent already within NIH. “A quantitative model that could be used by decision makers to prioritize the development of vaccines against a number of disparate diseases” Biomedical Priorities “The complete conquest of cancer or heart disease would each lead to an increase of a mere 3% in mean life span in humans, i.e. about a tenth of what can be accomplished, today, in laboratory animals of delayed aging. “ - Miller, R.A. (2005) J.Am. Geriatrics Soc. 53:S284. Leading Causes of Death in 2001 Developing Countries Number of Deaths Developed Countries Number of Deaths 1. HIV/AIDS 2 678 000 1. Ischaemic heart disease 3 512 000 2. Lower respiratory infections 2 643 000 2. Cerebrovascular disease 3 346 000 3. Ischaemic heart disease 2 484 000 3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1 829 000 4. Diarrhoeal diseases 1 793 000 4. Lower respiratory infections 1 180 000 5. Cerebrovascular disease 1 381 000 5. Trachea/bronchus/l ung cancers 938 000 6. Childhood diseases 1 217 000 6. Road traffic accidents 669 000 7. Malaria 1 103 000 7. Stomach cancer 657 000 8. Tuberculosis 1 021 000 8. Hypertensive heart disease 635 000 9. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 748 000 9. Tuberculosis 571 000 10. Measles 674 000 10. Self-inflicted 499 000 Programming #!/usr/bin/env python from Bio import GenBank, Seq query = “ArabidopsisORGN AND topoisomeraseTITL“ print “Query:“, query # GenBank.search_for() returns a list of genbank ids in response to the query gi_list = GenBa