四级写作ppt课件

四级写作 大学英语四级考试大纲对写作的要求 v教育部（2006修订版）明确规定写作部分 要求考生达到大学英语课程教学要求 中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任 务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生 的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般 性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的 短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连 贯。能掌握基本的写作技巧。” 评分标准 v短文写作要求考生在30分钟内根据提纲写出一篇 120词以上的短文，本部分的得分占总分的15%， 采用总分评分法（Global Scoring），从内容和语 言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。满分为15分， 共分五等：14分、11分、8分、5分及2分（注：四 级作文在试卷总分中占15%，改卷时按照作文总分 15分来评改，然后经过处理转化为710分中的作文 分数）。各个分数档的标准如下： 评评分依据（1. 主题题、2. 表达、3. 文字、4. 语语言） 14分切题题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。 基本上无语语言错误，仅有个别拼写错误。 11分切题题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，但有少量语语言 错误。 8分基本切题题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉 强连贯；语语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重 错误。 5分基本切题题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多 的严重错误。 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句 子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 0分白卷；文不对题，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表 达思想。 v备注：阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评 分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定 为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该 档次，则可加分（即9分）或减1分（即7分） ，但不得加或减半分。 v字数不足按下表所示酌情扣分： v 累计 字数 90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 49 扣分123579 历年真题分析与总结 v一、请看近十年的20套作文试题列表分析： 参见大学英语四级考试教程P61 二、纵观历年大学英语四级考试作文题目，我们不难 发现，近年来的四级作文凸显三大趋势： 序号内容 1 实实用性增强从体裁上看，议论 文、说明文、应用文写作占 绝大多数，记叙文偶尔也会涉及。到目前为止，虽然议论议论 文占 绝对优势 ，但近年来应应用文上升的势头 很猛，书信、欢迎词、祝 贺词 、招聘书、解说词 、见证书 、竞选 演说等频频 出现，集中 体现了大纲对实际 运用语言能力的要求。 2 主要考核三大主题题从内容上看，所考题型都与考生熟悉的 生活事件与现象有关。就话题话题 而言，四级作文主要有三类：社会 热门话题、校园生活话题和日常生活话题，如教师节 、 英语口试、计算机的使用、求职面试、上大学的费用等等，因此 ，平时应 尽量偏向这几方面的主题进 行练习 。 3 注重综综合能力的考核四级作文从倾向于单纯 考查某一文 体，逐渐过 渡到几种文体的结结合。如：2004年6月的A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction是一篇解说词 ，属应用文，但同 时要求说明和描写。这说 明作文命题越来越灵活。 四级写作基本模式三段式 文章引言段 主题句 (Topic Sentence) 扩展句1 (Developing Sentence 1) 扩展句2 (Developing Sentence 1) 结尾句 (Concluding Sentence) 发展段 主题句 (TS) 扩展句1 (DS1) 扩展句2 (DS2) 结尾句 (CS) 结尾段 主题句 (TS) 扩展句1 (DS1) 扩展句2 (DS2) 结尾句 (CS) 三、为了便于考生尽快掌握四级作文的写作方 法，在此综合历年四级考试作文真题，重点介 绍七类常见的写作类型。 v. 对比选择型 v. 现象解释型 v. 原因阐释型 v. 问题解决型 v. 应用型 v. 综合叙事型 v. 图表型 . 对比选择型特点及写作要求 v对比选择型议论文是大学英语四级考试写作 最常见的写作题型。一般来说，这类议论 文的通常是对一个观点或事物的正反两方面 或者两种不同的观点或事物进行对比，从而 引出主题，得出结论。在对两种不同的观点 或事物进行对比时，主要运用比较和对比两 种写作技巧。在四级考试中曾多次出现此类 议论文。 . 对比选择型写作流程 v第一段：简介。(简单介绍某一现象或事物。) v第二段：主要对比观点或事物。(分析某一观点或事物 的正反两面，或比较两种不同的观点或事物。) v第三段：结论。(得出结论，或提出自己的看法。) v或者 v第一段：主要观点或事物甲。(简单提及某一现象或事 物，并分析该现象或事物的好处。) v第二段：主要观点或事物乙。(分析该现象或事物的利 弊。) v第三段：结论。(得出结论，或提出自己的看法。) . 对比选择型句子模板 v1. 对比不同观点/对比法： v When it comes to , peoples ideas/views/notions/opinions vary from person to person/from one to another. v There is no consensus(共识) of opinions/there are some controversies/there is no agreement among people as to do /as to the view of . v Whenever people , they will come across the problem of whether they should or , and it is natural for different opinions to arise. v The general public has been debating whether or not . . 对比选择型句子模板 v1. 对比不同观点/对比法： v Some people think we should . They say that . While others think otherwise .They argue that . v Some people advocate that . Others hold the opposite opinion/adopt a totally different view/take an opposite side. They believe . v Those in favor of believe/claim that . Those oppose to argue/hold/point out that . v Everything has two sides and is not an exception, it has both advantages and disadvantages. . 对比选择型句子模板 v2. 在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的观点 ： v Were it left to me to decide whether we should , I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. v As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable/holds more weight. v As for me, I agree to/prefer to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behinds my belief. First of all, . v Weighing up the arguments on both sides, Im inclined to believe that . . 对比选择型句子模板 v2. 在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的观点 ： v In my opinion/mind, we should . v From my perspective/point of view, I think . v Personally speaking, I approve of . v From what I have discussed above, I can draw the conclusion that . v【模板一】 v 1 Nowadays, wherever you go, you will hear people talk about . 2 Whether you like it or not, it had become a part of our life. v 3 Some people who are in favor of maintain that . 4 In their view, . 5 While those who are against argue that . 6 Besides, . v 7 As far as I am concerned, I stand on the side of . 8 First of all, 9 Furthermore, . 10 Thirdly, . 11 Therefore, . . 对比选择型作文模板 v【模板二】 v 1 Views/Opinion on (Attitudes towards) vary from person to person. 2 Some people think that . 3 They hold this opinion because (they think) . v 4 Others, however, take a negative / positive attitude to . (Others, nevertheless, are more pessimistic / optimistic about it). 5 From their point of view, . 6 Besides, . v 7 In my opinion/Personally /From my point view /If asked my attitude, I am more in favor of . 8 I stand in / hold this attitude /opinion / view because . 9 Its true that , but it doesnt mean that . 10 Therefore / In a word/ In short, . 11 Instead, we should . . 对比选择型作文模板 . 现象解释型特点及写作要求 v 现象阐释型的作文通常先指明一种现象或提 出一种观点，然后对这一现象或观点进行解 释，最后得出结论或发表个人见解。 . 现象解释型写作流程 v第一段：概述。(简要描述某一现象或某一观点。) v第二段：具体阐述。(具体阐释现象或观点的正确性 或危害性等。) v第三段：个人见解。(表明自己的态度或看法。) v或者 v第一段：概述。(简单描述某一现象或观点。) v第二段：具体阐述。(具体阐述引起这种现象的或持 有这种观点考虑的主要因素。) v第三段：个人评价。(对现象或者观点进行评价。) . 现象解释型句子模板 v1. 分析原因： v There are many/plenty of/ a number of/ numerous reasons explaining/ for . v The reasons of lie in several aspects . v Many factors contribute to . v There are many reasons that many account for . v The reasons for/why are as follows: . v There are many reasons for it, but generally, they come down in three major ones. . 现象解释型句子模板 v1. 分析原因： v is mainly caused by . v What caused these changes? . v There are many factors that have stimulated this huge change. v The reasons that caused changes are diverse. On the one hand, . On the other hand, . v The rapid growth of owes much to . . 现象解释型句子模板 v2. 总结归纳 / 说明影响 / 表明作者态度 / 以作者个人为 例： v Through the analysis, we can draw a conclusion that . v In short/ In brief, . v To solve the problem of , we . v From all the facts given above, we can see . v Considering all these /Taking all these into consideration/account, I believe . v As to/for me, I believe . v Take me as an example/In my own case, I . v【模板一】 v 1 In recent years, (描写现状或趋势 ). 2 This has caused a lot of problems. v 3 First, (结果1). 4 For example, (细节，说明结果1). 5 Second, (结果2). (细节，说明结果2). 6 Finally, (结果3). (细节，说明结果3). v 7 Since is such a serious problem, we should take effective measures to . 8 First, we should (措施1). 9 Besides, (措施2). 10 And finally, (措施3). . 现象解释型作文模板 v【模板二】 v 1 At present/ In recent years/ Nowadays, (描 写现状或趋势). 2 It may someday become the main trend when (进一步描述这一现象或观点). v 3 Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when (doing sth). 4 First of all, (主要因素1). 5 Moreover, (主要因 素2). 6 Last, (主要因素3). 7 From their perspective, . v 8 Everything has both positive and negative aspects, and (这种现象或观点) is of no exception. 9 (这种现象或观点的正确性). 10 However, (这种观点或现象的危害性). . 现象解释型作文模板 . 原因阐释型特点及写作要求 v 原因解释型作文的重点在于探讨产生某一社 会现象或问题的原因。近十年来，原因阐释 型议论文在四级考试中出现的并不多。 . 原因阐释型写作流程 v第一段：现象。(对某一社会现象进行描述。) v第二段：原因阐释。(阐释产生这一社会现象 的原因。) v第三段：评述或提出解决方法。(发表个人看 法，或提出解决思路。) . 原因阐释型句子模板 v1. 一果多因： v Why ? For one thing, . For another, . v The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thing, . For another, . Still another, . v A number of factors, both physical and psychological affect/both individual and social contribute to . v Another important factor is . . 原因阐释型句子模板 v1. 一果多因： v is also responsible for the change/problem. v Certainly, the is not the sole reason for . v The factors that contribute to include . v You dont have to look very far to identify the reason that . v Thanks to/ Owing to/Due to/Because of/As a result of . . 原因阐释型句子模板 v2. 一因多果 v It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on . v It involves some serious consequence for . v There are a number of dreadful consequence of . Perhaps the most serious/disastrous consequence is . v It may cause/result in/lead to a host/number of problems. v It leaves/involves some serious consequence of v The immediate result it produce is . And perhaps the most obvious result of is . . 原因阐释型作文模板 v 1 Nowadays, we often hear that (提出现 象). 2 This phenomenon is not accidental, and there is social and individual background. v 3 Why ? 4 For one thing, (原因 1). 5 For another, (原因2). 6 For instance, (举例说明). 7 From that, 8 we . v 9 As far as I am concerned, I agree that . 10 I think that (作者本人的观点). 11 . v第三段或为：9 We should take measures to . 10 First, (措施1). Second, ( 措施2). 11 Finally, (措施3). . 问题解决型特点及写作要求 v 问题解决型的作文通常先说明情况，提出问 题，随后提出解决方法或处理方式，最后给 予评价。 . 问题解决型写作流程 v第一段：引言。(描述现状、形势、提出问题 。) v第二段：解决方案。(提出解决问题的方法。) v第三段：评价或个人选择。(简要评价提及的 方法，或选择其中一、两种自己认为合适的 方法并说明理由。) . 问题解决型句子模板 v1. 提出问题： v Nowadays, with , more and more , which causes serious problem to . v Nowadays, .It has become such a serious problem which has aroused the concern from . v Recently, the problem of has become increasingly serious in . v Today, with , a serious social problem has arisen . . 问题解决型句子模板 v1. 提出问题： v Today, more and more people have realized that has become a very serious problem. v Nowadays, there is growing concern over . v Currently, is being considered a major problem in . . 问题解决型句子模板 v2. 解决问题： v To solve this problem, . v As is known to all, there are many ways to . v To put an end to this serious problem, in my opinion, several measures should be taken/adopted by . v How can we solve this problem? I think there are three approaches. . 问题解决型句子模板 v2. 解决问题： v If you want to solve this problem, the following advice may be helpful. v My suggestions to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place, . Secondly . Finally . v At first thought, the problem seems far too involved (复杂的), but it can certainly be solved when seriously dealt with. . 问题解决型作文模板 v 1 Nowadays, great importance has been attached to (目前的现象及存在的问题). 2 Many ways can contribute to (要解决 的问题), but the following ones may be effective. v 3 First of all, (方法1). 4 Besides, (方法2). 5 Finally, (方法3). v 6 In conclusion/ To sum up, the ways I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other. 7 (希望). . 应用型特点及写作要求 v应用文，就是在现实生活中有实际应用功能的文体，比如信 函、通知、演讲稿、导游词、见证书等。应用文是大 学英语四级考试中常见的考查内容，与议论文、记叙文和说 明文相比，应用型作文与生活、社会的联系更加紧密，在格 式、行文习惯等方面更讲究规矩。因此，无论写哪些应用型 作文，都必须按其各自规范化的、约定俗成的格式来写，不 能随意改变格式。 v下面主要介绍英文信函、通知、演讲稿、导游词的写作模板 。 . 应用型(信函) 句子模板 v1. 信函句子模板开头常用表达： v Excuse me for not writing to you for so long a time. v Your letter dated is at hand. v Words cannot express my joy of receiving your letter of May 8th. v I am writing to . v I am very much delighted to inform you that . v I have the pleasure to tell you that . . 应用型信函 v2. 信函句子模板结尾常用套话： v I send you my best wished. v Looking forward to hearing from you soon. v All the luck in the world to you. v Please give my best regards to your family/parents. . 应用型(信函)作文模板 v同学间的日常信件作文模板： v1 Dear , v 2 I am glad to know that . 3 As for _ , I suppose that can be a good choice for you. (首先用一句 话来回应收到的信，然后进入此次写信的主题。) 4 . 5 . 6 Whats more, . 7 To , you are supposed to . 8 are also of great importance, . (对来 信的第二问题进行答复) v 9 Now lets talk about . 10 First of all, you should . 11 In addition, . (转至第三个问题) 12 If any further questions come to you, do not hesitate to write to me. v 10 . vYours, . 应用型(通知) 作文模板 v活动通知作文模板： vVolunteer Needed v 1 With the approaching of (活动日) , (组织者) is to organize and is now recruiting volunteers. v 2 This program is planned to . 3 It aims to . 4 By participating in the activity, volunteers can . 5 Volunteers are expected to . 6 The program will be carried out . v 7 are needed. 8 Fellow students who meet the requirements and want to take part in the activity, please call us at or email us at . v 9 Come and join us! . 应用型(演讲稿)作文模板 v竞赛演讲稿作文模板： vA Campaign Speech v1 , (选择一个合适的称呼。) v 2 Thank you for . 3 , 4 I am delighted to announce that . (演讲词常用开场白套语。) v 5 , I have always been considered as . 6 Meanwhile, . 7 . 8 In addition, if I get elected. (层次清楚地陈述自己的优势，突出重点) v 9 . 10 If elected, I am confident that . 11 I will . (工作规划的简要陈述，点到为止) v 12 Thank you very much for your attention. (结束语套 话) . 应用型(导游词)作文模板 v导游解说词作文模板： v1 , v 2 Welcome to . 3 First of all, Id like to introduce myself: I am , Its my honor to be here with all of you, and I wish you a wonderful trip today. (表示欢迎，自我介绍，开场 白套话。) v 4 Here is the schedule of the day. 5 is the first place we are going to visit this morning. 6 Then will be our destination in the afternoon. (简要介绍行程安排，无需赘述。) 7 Now we are on the way . . . . (用三四句话介绍第一景点的 概况，突出重点。) v 8 Thats the introduction to . 9 If you have any questions, please dont hesitate to ask me. (结束语套话) . 综合叙事型特点及写作要求 v 综合叙事型文章是以记人叙事为主要内容、 以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。写这类作文 要综合记叙、描写和议论等写作方法，既要 交代时间、地点、人物、事情的发生、发展 和变化，也要分析事情发生的原因或写出个 人感受。 . 综合叙事型写作流程 v第一段：引出主题。(交待清楚事情发生的背 景，如时间、地点及人物等。) v第二段：主体。(描述事情发生的起因、经过 和结果。) v第三段：事件分析。(分析事件发生的原因或 者写出个人的感受。) . 综合叙事型句子模板 v1. 表示时间顺序的连接词： v Early in the morning/In the early morning v In the middle of the day/At noon v Late in the afternoon/In the late afternoon v Far/Deep into the night v In the past; At present,; In the future v First; Second; Next; Then; Finally v At first/In the beginning; At last/In the end v Shortly afterwards/At once/Immediately/All of a sudden/Suddenly/Soon v The moment /As soon as/The first time ; Not until, Next time , Before , After , etc. . 综合叙事型作文模板 v 1 It is (时间和地点) when (事件) took place. 2 (简单叙述一两句). v 3 I saw sight. 4 (描写情景，注 意描写的顺序). 5 To begin with, . 6 And then, . 7 Eventually, . 8 As a consequence, ( 结束语). v 9 In my opinion, three factors contribute to . 10 First, (原因1). 11 Second， (原因 2). 11 Last , (原因3). 12 All these led to (结束语). v第三段或为以下模式： v 9 I do believe (个人感受). . 图表型特点及写作要求 v图表型作文要求根据图表上的数据，找出所反映的 某个趋势或某一个问题、现象，并对该问题、趋势 所产生的原因进行分析。常见的图表型作文有表格 （table）、曲线图（line chart）、条形图/柱状图（ bar chart）、饼形图（pie chart）和图片（picture ）。 v图表型作文的写作误区：有些考生习惯在第一段罗 列所有数据，形式单调，没有重点，篇幅又长，容 易让人厌倦，而第二、三段受篇幅和时间限制，未 能充分展开。 . 图表型写作注意事项 v写图表型作文的注意事项： v1. 看懂并理解图表的含义，这是写好图表型作文的 前提； v2. 选择能充分说明图表主题的典型数据； v3. 根据分析结果和文章的题目写出各段的主题句并 展开论述。 v合理的结构安排是：第一段简明扼要，尽量少引 数据，重在点明趋势；二、三段的分析是重点，应 展开。 . 图表型写作流程 v第一段：描述图表反映的总情况。(总体说明 图表所反映的趋势、问题、现象，并选用典 型数据进行说明。) v第二段：分析原因。(分析该问题或该现象的 原因或后果。) v第三段：结论。(提出解决问题的办法、建议 或进行展望。) . 图表型句子模板 v1. 图表内容总括性描述： v As can be seen from the table, great changes have been taking place in . v From the above table it can be seen that . v As it is shown in the table, . v According to the graph, . It is clear from the table that . The survey/study shows/suggests that . According to the figures given in the table . As you may see from the diagram, . The two charts above tell us something about . . 图表型句子模板 v2. 图表内容具体数据变化描述： v increase/decrease by v2. increase from to v3. increase steadily from v4. There was a marked increase in v5. There has been a rapid increase in v6. an increase of v7. decline in v8. four times as much as v9. amount to . 图表型句子模板 v(2) 图表内容具体数据变化描述： v10. fall from to v11. appear stable v12. reach (+数字) v13. continue to grow v14. has been growing faster and faster since v15. less than v16. up to v17. compared with v18. the number of remains the same as . 图表型句子模板 v(3) 分析原因： v1. There are many/plenty of/ a number of/ numerous reasons explaining/ for . v2. The reasons of lie in several aspects . v3. Many factors contribute to . v4. There are many reasons that may account for . v5. The reasons for/why are as follows: . v6. There are many reasons for it, but generally, they come down in three major ones. . 图表型句子模板 v(3) 分析原因： v7. is mainly caused by . v8. What caused these changes? . v9. There are many factors that have stimulated this huge change. v10. The reasons that caused changes are diverse. On the one hand, . On the other hand, . v11. The rapid growth of . owes much to . . 图表型句子模板 v(4) 总结归纳 / 说明影响 / 表明作者态度 / 以作者个人 为例： v1. Through the analysis, we can draw a conclusion that . v2. In short/ In brief, . v3. To solve the problem of , we . v4. From all the facts given above, we can see . v5. Considering all these /Taking all these into consideration/account, I believe . v6. As to/for me, I believe . v7. Take me as an example/In my own case, I . . 图表型作文模板 v1 According to/As shown in the table/chart/graph, the period from to , increased significant, while_ decreased/ dropped sharply. 2 There are a huge number of reasons behind this phenomenon. /The reasons of the changes lie in several aspects. 3 First of all, (原因1). 4 Secondly, (原因2). 5 Thirdly, (原因3). 6 All in all, we can see that in the past years/months/weeks, has/have been rising/dropping year by year. 7 We can also expect that (展望发展趋势). 6 From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. 7 The trend described in the table/chart/graph will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken). 5. 四级作文中的常见错误 v5.1. 词层面 v5.1.1. 用词搭