2013年职称英语考试 理工类 B级 阅读理解 押题 【必考】 .doc

机会只给有准备的人。opportunities are only for the prepared person. 专业第20课理工b阅读押题木头特别提示：理工阅读押题共2篇文章 第37篇 “dont drink alone” gets new meaning 第40篇 teaching math, teaching anxiety 不要在就餐时间以外饮酒有了新含义本文中心：第一句in what may be bad news for bars and pubs, a european research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. luigino dal maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer.一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的机率比就餐时饮酒更高。luigino dal maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1,500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3,500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。 after the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced to smoking or drinking by the study volunteers, dal maso says. the discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。”dal maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。 for their new analysis, the european scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. the lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. the highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. for instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. if people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher conumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.为了进行新的颁，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和喉癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒2134杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。people in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. in contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with -meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。 alcohol can inflame tissues. over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. dal maso says. he suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues of by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. he speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol.“酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。”dal maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦过。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的机率比其他癌症低很多的原因是组织被酒精侵害到的部分少。练习：1.researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people研究人员发现有一类人在口腔和脖颈患有癌的风险非常高，是下列哪类人员：a. who drink alcohol outside of meals.b. who drink alcohol at meals.c. who never drink alcohol.d. who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.2. which of the following is not the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”? 下列哪项不能让研究人员得出“吃饭不能喝酒”的结论？a. it has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food.b. it may also be a cause of cancer.c. it increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.d. it does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 4. 注意： (1) 绝对原则：答案中有all, every, only always等绝对词一般为不正确，如被否定除外，原文中也有这些词除外 )！all of the above为正确答案绝对原则主要用于 5. 对错选择 not true, true (2) 相对原则：有may, might, can could, likely， sometimes， probably some。但应以查细节的方法为主，相对原则为辅3. approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? 喝酒最少的一组平均每天大约喝多少杯？a. 3 drinks. b. 8 drinks.c. 20 drinks. d. 56 drinks.四. 阅读题型四大原则： 此项特别重要 3. 出现多个数字，特别是阿拉伯数字时，须非常小心！4. which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in thepassage? 文章中提到的四种癌症中哪种风险最低？a. oral cancer. b. laryngeal cancer.c. pharyngeal cancer. d. esophageal cancer.5. according to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol 根据文章最后一段，组织较少暴露在酒精里a. explains why inflammation triggers cancer.b. accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.c. is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.d. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.答案与题解：1. a 文章第一个句子就是答案。2. c 第二段的第二句说的是餐外饮酒使得喉癌几率增加了20%，而不是就餐饮酒的情况。所以c是正确答案。其他三项均在文中直接或间接提到。3. a 第三段第二句告诉我们，酒精摄入量最低的一组每星期饮酒量达20杯，因此，大约每天在三杯左右。4. b 文章第四段的第一句和第二句是由连接词in contrast连接的两个句子。in contrast表达的是句间的反比关系。第一句说明酒精消费量最大的一组患其他三种癌症的几率与低酒精摄入量组相比，分别是他们的10倍、7倍和16倍，而第二句告诉我们，相比之下，其患喉癌的几率只是另一组的3倍。因此，b是正确选项。5. d 文章最后一句提供了答案。注释：1. than do those taking their libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中的have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。2. drinking patterns of 1500 patient from four cancer studies：取自四项癌症研究的1500个病例的饮酒习惯模式3. downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。down：在此作动词用，意为“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“large in amount”（大量的）4. laryngeal：larynx（喉）的形容词形式。5. these four sites：指该段前两句提到的oral cavity，pharynx，esophagus，larynx。6. traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to：回溯到7. in an average week：平均每星期8. up to：高达9. 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周56杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“（食物或饮料的）一份”。10. for all sites other than the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。11. high-intake，with-meals-only group：（酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。12.was only triple that：是它的三倍。that指该句前半句中的laryngeal cancer risk。“dont drink alone” gets new meaningin what may be bad news for bars and pubs, a european research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. luigino dal maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer. after the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced to smoking or drinking by the study volunteers, dal maso says. the discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. for their new analysis, the european scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. the lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. the highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. for instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. if people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher conumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.people in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. in contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with -meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. alcohol can inflame tissues. over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. dal maso says. he suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues of by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. he speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol.练习：1.researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with peoplea. who drink alcohol outside of meals.b. who drink alcohol at meals.c. who never drink alcohol.d. who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.2. which of the following is not the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?a. it has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food.b. it may also be a cause of cancer.c. it increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.d. it does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.3. approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?a. 3 drinks. b. 8 drinks.c. 20 drinks. d. 56 drinks.4. which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in thepassage?a. oral cancer. b. laryngeal cancer.c. pharyngeal cancer. d. esophageal cancer.5. according to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohola. explains why inflammation triggers cancer.b. accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.c. is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.d. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.第四十篇 teaching math数学, teaching anxiety焦虑 理工（b级）教数学，教焦虑in a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school小学, the psychologists心理学家 at the university of chicagol sian beilock and susan levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn: if a female女 teacher is uncomfortable 不安的;不自在的with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家sian beilock和susan levine 发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。if these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3, said levine. in other words, girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. the study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应，levine说。换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。该研究表明，如果女孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn - and teach. the subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. researchers use the word anxiety to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，数学可能对每一个来说尤其难。这就是研究者所言的焦虑：不自在或担心。the new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. the study involved 65 girls, 52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the midwest. the students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。该研究的研究对象包括65个女孩，52个男孩和17位在中西部教一二年级的教师。学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分。the researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. then the researchers turned to the teachers: to find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt销售清单5. a teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt销售清单, for example,was probably anxious about math.研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑。boys,on average,were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. on average, girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy, 20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.平均来说，教师的焦虑不会影响到男孩子。但是，一般说来，如果教女孩子的教师有数学焦虑症，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在关于是否认为数学明星应该是男孩的测试中，有20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20个女孩的老师都是女性，且都患有数学焦虑症。this is an interesting study, but the results need to be interpreted解释 as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6, said david geary, a psychologist at the university of missouri7 in columbia.来自密苏里大学的心理学家david geary说这是一个有趣的研究，但是这只是初步结果，需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。练习：1. what is the result of the research at the university of chicago, according to the first paragraph?根据第一段，芝加哥大学研究结果是什么？a. girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.b. girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.c. female teachers math skills have influence over girl students math skills.d. female teachers confidence信心, 自信in their math skills is related to girls math skills.2. what is implied暗指的 in the third paragraph?第三段暗示什么？a. math teachers, like math learners, do not like the subject due to its difficulty.b. a difficult subject like math may affect teachers confidence in teaching the subject.c. teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.d. math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.3. according to the experiment, those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt根据实验当老师感觉到他们可能会对数学感到焦虑。a. nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.b. helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.c. uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.d. hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.b - 查细节关键词的选择1.查细节-从题干中找到关键词是成败的重要一环（就象在百度中搜索一样）2.查细节尽量避免用中心词，和常用词作为关键词3. 如答案a、b、c、d里有3-4个相同的词，便是关键词4. 一般发现a、b、c、d四个选项中，哪个选项出现中心词，一般该选项就是正确答案。4. the sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings第六段告诉我们研究发现。a. prove a strong link between female teachers math anxiety and their female students math achievements.b. show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.c. provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.d. discover a strong link between teachers math anxiety and their students math achievements.5. david geary thinks thatdavid gearg 认为a. the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.b. the research results need to be retested based再次测试 on a larger sample更大的调查样本.c. the research results need to be reinterpreted 重新解释to be meaningful意味深长.d. the study is well based and produces significant results.词汇：snowball /snub:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事 replication/replikein/ n 重复，复现superstar/sju:psta:/ n超级明星练习：1. university of chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。end up doing something：最终会做某事5. sales receipt：销售清单6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。7. the university of missouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。答案与题解：1.d 该段告诉我们女教师的想法（what female teachers think）和女学生的学习（what female students learn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。2.b 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（the subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。3.c 第五段第三句“to find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意为“记住数字”；saving the numbers意为“保存数字”；filling in the numbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案。4.a 短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. )。d所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。5.b 根据david gear