academic paper：General Introduction to Academic Writing毕业论文写作概述

General Introduction to Academic WritingI. types of academic paper1. according to the purpose the paper servesa. term paper for a university courseb. research paper to be published in a journalc. thesis or dissertation for a university degree2. according to the content of the paper a. Experience Papers b. Methodology Papersc. Opinion Papers d. Systems Paperse. Theory PapersII. Features of academic papers1. ObjectiveIt expresses the authors understanding of the topic based on experiments, facts, data and analysis2. Formal The words and structure are rather formal and rigid. The most widely accepted formats are the APA-format （American Psychological Association） and the MLA-format （Modern Language Association）.III. Parts of a paper1. A research paper is usually made up of the following partsl Title pagel Abstractl Outline (or Table of Contents. Optional. Usually placed right before or right after the abstract) l Text (introduction, body and conclusion)l Notes (optional. Sometimes figures and tables are also allowed)l Works cited ( or Bibliography)l Appendix (optional. Placement: After all the other parts)l Acknowledgements (optional. Sometimes it is placed before the abstract and sometimes at the end of a paper) 2. An empiric paper frequently follows this structure: Title Abstract Introduction Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion ReferencesIV. steps in preparing a research paper1. 8 steps/stages 1)select topic 2)explore data 3)gather data 4)formulate thesis 5)organize data and ideas 6)write paper 7)review and revise 8)publish2. Ten Steps to a Good Research Paperl Step 1. Choose Your Topic. When choosing a topic, choose one in which you are interested, and for which there is enough information. If your topic is too broad, you will have difficulty completing your paper. The Effects of Pollution is too broad because there are so many effects of pollution. The Effects of Pollution on Geese in the Northeast Section of Duluth, Minnesota is too narrow. You are not likely to find much information that is this specific. The Effects of Pollution in Yosemite National Park is just about right as a topic. l Step 2. Locate Information. Use information from a variety of reference sources. These sources include encyclopedias, almanacs, scholarly journals, books, magazines, and newspapers. Find these sources in print form, on CD-ROMS, and on the Internet. l Step 3. Prepare Bibliography Cards. Prepare bibliography cards to document the sources of information you use when writing your paper. Your library will have style manuals to illustrate how to prepare bibliography cards for various sources of information. l Step 4. Prepare Note Cards. Use note cards to record notes from each source you use when writing your paper. Number your note cards to keep track of them. l Step 5. Prepare an Outline. Write an outline for your paper by organizing your notes from the note cards into topics, subtopics, details, and subdetails. Use an organization such as: l (topic)n (subtopic)n (detail)u (subdetail)l Step 6. Write A Rough Draft. Use your note cards and outline to write a rough draft of your paper. As you write your draft, use numbered footnotes to credit sources from which you take quotations or major ideas. l Step 7. Revise Your Rough Draft. Make any changes needed to be sure your ideas are clearly expressed and your writing has accurate spelling and grammar. l Step 8. Prepare Your Bibliography. At the end of your paper, provide a list of all the sources you used to gather information for the paper. Your bibliography cards will provide this information. List your sources in alphabetical order by the first word on each of your bibliography cards. l Step 9. Prepare a Title Page and Table of Contents. The title page is the first page of the paper. It should include the title of your paper, your name, and the date on which the paper is due. The table of contents is the second page. It should list the main topics, important subtopics, and the page on which each is introduced in your paper. l Step 10. Final Checklist. Before handing in your paper, be sure you can answer Yes to each of the following questions. n Did I include a title page? n