英语国家概况》2009年新考纲新增考点串讲.ppt

英语国家概况 2009年新考纲新增考点串讲 主讲教师：王思南 串讲内容分布 一、新考纲解读和说明 二、新增考点串讲 2.1、英国部分 2.2、美国部分 2.3、加拿大部分 2.4、澳大利亚部分 2.5、新西兰部分 2.6、爱尔兰部分 一、新考纲解读和说明 全国考办在组织全国考委外语类专业委员会研究论证后，决定对高等教育自学 考试英语语言文学专业“英美文学选读”（课程代码：0604）和“英语国家概况” （课程代码：0522）两门课程的自学考试大纲的部分内容进行调整。调整后的 英美文学选读自学考试大纲和英语国家概况自学考试大纲将于2009年 4月考试试行。 总体来看， “英语国家概况”新考纲的调整具有以下特点： 1）增多删少，考试难度加大了。 2）横向来看，加大了对历史、政治、社会和文化的考查力度。 3）众向来看，突出了对加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰的考查。 4）估计试题结构（题型方面）不会有变化。 5）估计各个英语国家在试卷中所占的分值要有所调整，涉及英国和美国的分 值会有一定程度的减少，涉及加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰的分值会有所增加。 二、新增内容串讲 2.1、英国部分 A）概述 在2005年考试大纲的基础上，2009年考纲更加突出了对英国历史、政治制度， 社会和文化方面的考查。在历史方面，在第二章中增加了The Iberians 和 Roman Britain两个知识点 ；在第三章中增加了The Hundred Years War with France 中的部分内容 The Black Death and the Peasant Uprising中的部分内容 ，主要是百年战争的起因和黑死病的定义和发生时间以及1381年农民起义的全 部内容。在政治制度方面主要是在第七章中增加了两项内容，一是The Cabinet and Ministry ，二是The Privy Council ，同时，在涉及英国司法体制 的第八章中新增两项内容，分别是：The Judiciary 和Police 。在涉及英国社会 现状的第九章新增的内容是：The National Health Service 。 另外，在2005年考试大纲的基础上，新考纲中删除的内容有：第十章中涉及英 国教育的Primary education 和Secondary education, 涉及媒体的Radio和 Television, 涉及艺术的部分只保留Drama即可。 二、新增考点串讲 B）新增内容串讲 第二章 The Origins of a Nation Early Settlers The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. At about 3000 BC during the New Stone Age, these short, dark and long headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian peninsula, now Spain. Stonehenge: (名词解释) It is a circular group of large standing stones in Wiltshire, regarded as one of the most important monuments of its time, and having some religious and political significance. 二、新增考点串讲 Roman Britain British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC, partly to gather information about the island of which so little was then known and partly to punish the Belgae who had helped their fellow tribesmen in their fight against the conquering Romans in Gaul, the land that is now France He (Julius Caesar) landed in Kent with several thousand men but, meeting resistance and bad weather The successful invasion did not take place until nearly a century later, in AD 43, headed by the Emperor Claudius. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. But it was never a total occupation for two reasons. First, some parts of the country resisted. Secondly, Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of the Roman Empire. (一句话问答) 二、新增考点串讲 The Hadrians Wall(名词解释) Running from Carlisle to Newcastle, it was one of two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered. The suffix -caster or -chester in English place names derives from castra , the Latin word for camp. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited. The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. (排除性选择题) 二、新增考点串讲 第三章：The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381) The Hundred Years War with France The name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were especially bound up with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine; The economic causes, were connected with Flanders; 二、新增考点串讲 The Black Death The Black Death(名词解释) It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. 黑死病的经济后果是2005年考纲原本要求的内容，这里不作分析 二、新增考点串讲 The Peasant Uprising A popular ballad expressed the responses of the masses: When Adam delved dug, and Eve span, Who was then a gentleman? Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex, led by Watt Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London in June, 1381, releasing John Ball from Maidstone gaol on the way. On June 13. On June 14, the fourteen-year-old king Richard II met the rebels at Mile End . The rebels asked the king to meet their demands: abolition of villeinage; reduction of rent to four pence an acre; free access to all fairs and markets, and a general pardon. Although the Peasant Uprising of 1381 was brutally suppressed, it had far- reaching significance in English history. The rebellion was a truly social one, directed against the rich clergy and the lawyers as well as against the landowners. The uprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and a whole new class of yeomen farmers emerged. paving the way for the development of capitalism. 二、新增考点串讲 第七章 Government and Administration The Cabinet and Ministry Her Majestys Government is the body of ministers responsible for the conduct of national affairs. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen. He (The Prime Minister) is also, by tradition, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. His (The Prime Ministers) official residence is No. 10 Downing Street in London. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of the general business of the Government. Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers (usually about 20)compose the Cabinet, which meets under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues. 二、新增考点串讲 The Privy Council Which of the following is Not true about the Privy Council? The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the State; Its origins can be traced back to the Kings Council (or Court), which in the 13th century gave the sovereign private( privy ) advice on the government of the country. It remained powerful until the 18th century when most of its work was taken over by the Cabinet. Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees (so-called orders-in-council) and issuing royal proclamations. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen. The Privy Council is presided over by the Lord President of the Council. A full meeting of the Council is called only when a sovereign dies or announces his or her intention to marry. 二、新增考点串讲 第八章：Justice and the Law The Judiciary There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates (justices of the peace-JPs) are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is. advised by committees in each county. In the Duchy of Lancaster, appointments are made by the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, a Cabinet minister. The highest judicial appointments are made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. In Scotland, the Secretary of State recommends the appointment of all judges other than the most senior one, and appoints the staff of the High Court of Justiciary and the Court of Session. In Northem Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the Lord Chancellor. 二、新增考点串讲 Police The police service for the United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. Londons Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary. Which of the following is Not true about British police? Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or to go on strike. Officers in Great Britain do not normally carry firearms. Officers in armoured response vehicles in London can wear their sidearms in holsters at all times. In Northern Ireland police officers are issued with firearms for personal protection and other firearms 二、新增考点串讲 第九章：Social Affairs The National Health Service What does NHS refer to？ The National Health Service(名词解释) The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the UK in 1948. It was based at first on Acts of Parliament, one for England and Wales passed in 1946 and one for Scotland passed in 1974. The NHS is based upon the principle that there should be a full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy (一句话问答) The NHS provides the family health services and hospital and specialist services . (一 句话问答) 二、新增考点串讲 2.2、美国部分 A）概述 在2005年考试大纲的基础上，2009年考纲更加突出了对美国当代历史、政治制 度方面的考查。在历史方面，在第十七章中增加了The Cuban Missile Crisis和 Watergate Scandal两个知识点 ；在政治制度方面主要是在第十九章中增加了 两项内容，一是Provisions for amendment ，二是Officers of the Congress和 Functions of the Congress。 另外，在2005年考试大纲的基础上，新考纲中删除的内容有：第十九章中涉及 美国司法机构的 The Judicial Branch部分 二、新增考点串讲 B）新增内容串讲 第十七章：American History (): America in Post-W.W. Era (1945-1980s) The Cuban Missile Crisis (名词解释) In 1962, for reasons still not fully known to the public, the Soviet Union sent both offensive and defensive medium and intermediate missiles with nuclear warheads to Cuba and started building missile sites there. The conflict caused by this is called The Cuban Missile Crisis in the history. This was done in a most secretive way. At the same time, Soviet Premier Khrushchev, through various channels, informed President Kennedy that the Soviet Union had no intention of putting missiles in Cuba. 二、新增考点串讲 Watergate Scandal (名词解释) On the night of June 17, 1972, police at Watergate apartment-office complex in Washington D. C. arrested five men who illegally broke into the offices of the Democratic National Committee. These five men proved to be working for Richard Nixons Committee to Re-elect the President. This event leading the resign of Richard Nixon was called Watergate Scandal Nixon was the first president resigned in U. S. history. After Watergate, Americans disillusion grew. Most had grown up believing their system was the most powerful, the best, the most democratic in the history of humankind. By the early 1980s, far fewer Americans clung to such beliefs, and many wondered why they had not shed their innocence earlier. 二、新增考点串讲 第十九章：Political Institutions Provisions for amendment Their solution was to devise a dual process by which the Constitution could be changed. The Congress, by a two-thirds vote in each house, may initiate an amendment. Or the legislatures of two-thirds of the states may ask Congress to call a national convention to discuss and draft amendments. In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force. 二、新增考点串讲 Powers of the House and Senate Each house of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives. The Senate also has certain powers especially kept to that body, including the authority to confirm presidential appointments of high officials of the federal government as well as ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote. In the case of accusation of federal officials of wrongdoings, the House has the sole right to bring charges of improper behaviour which can lead to a trial. The Senate has the sole power to try such cases, and to find officials guilty or not guilty. Which is Not the function of Senate/ the House of Representatives? 二、新增考点串讲 Officers of the Congress The Constitution provides that the Vice President shall be President of the Senate . He has no vote, except in case of a tie. The Senate chooses a President for the time being to preside when the Vice President is absent. The House of Representatives chooses its own presiding officer, the Speaker of the House. The Speaker and the President for the time being are always members of the political party with the largest representation in each house. 二、新增考点串讲 Functions of the Congress The Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of laws. Generally, at the House of Representatives, a bill is introduced, numbered, printed and referred to a committee If a bill is passed, it is, now called an act , is delivered to the Senate. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witnesses and to cite for contempt of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify, and for perjury those who give false testimony. 二、新增考点串讲 2.3、加拿大部分 A）概述 在2005年考试大纲的基础上，加拿大部分增加的是第二十六章当中涉及“加拿 大社会”的前四个问题，分别是： 人口状（Population） 移民问题（Immigration ） 双语体系（Bilingualism） 多元文化（Multiculturalism） 二、新增考点串讲 第二十六章： Society and Culture ICanadian Society 1Population It (Canada) ranks second in land area but thirty first in population in the world. It is a sparsely populated country with only 2. 7 people per square kilometer . It (Canada) is one of the countries with most nationalities. Canada is a country with as many as 100 nationalities. Immigration since the late nineteenth century has given Canada a great cultural diversity. The native people of Canada came from Asia in prehistoric times The word Inuit means the people in their own language, whereas Eskimo is an Indian word meaning eaters of raw flesh . English is the language most commonly spoken throughout the country, with the exception of the province of Quebec. Different languages, ethnic origins, history and environments result in regional differences among Canadians. 二、新增考点串讲 2Immigration Migration from other countries has always been an important source of Canadian population and growth. In the past Britain and Western Europe were the principal sources of immigration. But in recent years there has been a decline in European applications and an increase in those from Asia, the Caribbean and the United States. Since Confederation in 1867 many changes have taken place in Canadas immigration policy. It has shifted from free immigration (1867-1896) to selected immigration (18,96-1914) and from selected immigration to restricted immigration (1914-1945). (three stages of immigration, 一句话问答) The new federal Immigration Act ( 1978 ) （名词解释） The new federal Immigration Act ( 1978 ) explicitly affirmed for the first time the fundamental objectives of Canadian immigration law: family unification, non- discrimination, concern for refugees and the promotion of Canadas economic, social, demographic and cultural goals. The new law provides for three admissible classes of immigrant: the family class, convention refugees and independent immigrants. New Citizenship Act in 1977 (名词解释) New Citizenship Act in 1977 eliminates distinctions among applicants based on the country of previous citizenship and reduces the continuous residency requirement for citizenship from five to three years. 二、新增考点串讲 3Bilingualism English and French are the two official languages in Canada. French is the mother tongue of the majority of those who speak both language. Most middle class families from Quebec living in Montreal are bilingual. They speak English and French, equally well.(一句话问答) The predominance of the English language in most parts of Canada is explained by the large number of immigrants from Britain and the United States. It is also because Canada is close to the U. S. (一句话问答) 二、新增考点串讲 4Multiculturalism The Canadian population is chiefly characterized by its linguistic duality. For a long time the Canadian Government pursued a policy of assimilation. So in 1971, the Canadian Government adopted a policy of multiculturalism, recognizing that cultural pluralism within a bilingual framework was the essence of the Canadian identity. Today, Canadas Indians and Inuit are proud to be called the countrys native people. 二、新增考点串讲 2.4、澳大利亚部分 A）概述 在2005年考试大纲的基础上，澳大利亚部分增加的是第三十二章当中涉及“澳 大利亚文化”的两个问题，分别是： 1Aboriginal culture 2Modern Australian culture 二、新增考点串讲 B）新增内容串讲 第三十二章: Society and Culture IVAustralian Culture As far as Australian culture is concerned, the history of Australia can be divided into several major phases: the period of Australias original culture (its original people), the period of a dominant culture (descendants of early British settlement), the growth of minority cultures, and the emergence and establishment of a multicultural society. (四个阶段的发展：选择题) 1Aboriginal culture It is believ