写作知识与技巧.ppt

1 “启”。 按顺序：First, Firstly, First of all, At first, In the first place, In the beginning, To begin with, To start with, For one thing, On the one hand 当前：Now, At present, recently, lately, 一般而言：In general, generally speaking, as a matter of fact 2 “承”。 按顺序：second, secondly, beside this, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, 举例子：for example/instance, as an example, as another example; namely, 换言之：in other words, in particular, 扩展：after that, afterwards, from now on, similarly, meanwhile, at the same time, 3“转”。 转折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, though, although, despite, in spite of, on the contrary, unlike, on the other hand, 4 “合”。 结尾: In conclusion; In short; In summary; Therefore; Thus; To sum up; To conclude; consequently, To summarize; Briefly; Above all; As a result; at last; eventually; accordingly; 认为：assume / argue / hold / claim / suggest / declare / say / believe / insist/ maintain /suppose that in my opinion/in my view/in my point of view/as far as I know/as far as Im concerned/ as for me 重要的：important/significant/be of great value/be of great significance/be of great use 很多：many, a multitude of, an army of, an ocean of , A great / large / huge / considerable / significant / noticeable number / amount/ quantity / portion of 越来越多 more and more/ a growing number of /an increasing number of/on the rise 大多的：the (vast / overwhelming) majority of 人：people-folks, individuals, characters 支持/反对者：followers/ objectors, be in favor of the idea that Apparently，evidently，however, surely, indeed, briefly, fortunately ,amazingly， undoubtedly most important of all ,even worse ,strange enough, after all, to ones surprise, to be exact, roughly speaking, in other words, as a matter of fact, generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm hearted, hospitable good：favorable, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, perfect, etc. bad：unfavorable, harmful, adverse, poisonous ,etc. 大学英语四级考试 写作知识与技巧 （一） 四级作文的考试要求 1. 考生应在30分钟内，根据题目要求及写 作提纲或规定情节，图表等写出120字以上 ，语言比较规范的短文。No more than 180 words. 2. 要求“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点， 表达清楚，文字连贯。句式有变化，句子 结构和用词正确。” （二）四级作文通病分析 通过对历年英语短文写作考生答卷的 分析，考生写作时已具有较大的主动性和 创造性。绝大多数考生都有一定的英语基 础，也已经基本上掌握了表达自己观点和 想法的词汇和语法知识。但从整体得分来 看，多数考生短文写作成绩却不尽人意。 分数主要集中在5-9分。 考生普遍存在的问题是思维单调，例证 堆切，简单罗例数据，片面描绘画面， 缺乏主题提升等方面的通病。究其原因 ，一方面存在着教学过程中忽略了对学 生书面表达能力的培养，学生缺乏适量 的作文训练；另一方面，还有些考生对 英语短文写作的考试要求不十分明确， 靠背几篇范文，压几道题，抱着碰运气 的态度，就仓促上阵。 （三）四级作文常见的11大症结 1. 大小写，标点符号，拼写错误; 2. 卷面不洁，字迹潦草，用铅笔写作； 3. 语法和结构错误，造成文章结构松散， 脱节； 4. 代词，连接词或逻辑顺序词错用，而造 成文章的逻辑混乱； 5. 用中文思维加英文翻译所造成的语句生 硬，错误； 6. 文不对题，部分跑题或主题不突出所造成 的文章不切题现象。 7. 词汇量匮乏，文章中难见高分词汇； 8. 语法不通，复合句使用错误多且表达不清 ； 9. 句型单一、句子无变化，表达方式单调; 10. 不会正确使用常用套语，文章缺少层次感 ； 11. 作文普遍缺乏文采，打动人的杰作奇缺。 1. 对立观点型：要不要取消春晚（2006，12） 大学校园是否要开放（2005，12），口语考试 要不要考（2000，6） 娱乐活动的益处和坏处（2008.6） 2. 解释说明型：选择选修课的因素（2007，12 ）选择大学任课教师（2006，6new），做人 要诚实（2003，1），我最喜爱的电视节目及 原因（1993，6） 3. 解决问题型：怎样取得面试成功（2001，1 ），怎样支付大学学费（2000，1） 4.图表：大学生使用计算机（2002，6） 5. 信件：欢迎加入社团（2007，6）招募志愿 者活动辞(2006,6)，给老师的感谢信（2005， 6），竞选学生会的演讲稿（2005，1），导游 介绍（2004，1），建议朋友报考专业信（ 2003，12），帮助同学的感想（2004，1）， 食堂投诉信（2002，1） 2011年11月CET-4 PartI for this part, you are allowed 30minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humours saying, “ Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I ve done it hundreds of times.” You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part I Writing 【标准版】Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will Nothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people cant get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough. To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their throats are sore, their mouths are thirsty, and their hands are shaking. After the painful mental struggle, they tell themselves that “One cigarette is enough. Just take one, and the next day I will quit it.” By doing this, they surrender to their weak will. In the end, they have quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed. Just like quitting smoking, nothing succeeds without a strong will. To be successful in ones life, a strong will means that you know where you go and you will persist on the road you choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute. 【文章点评】 本文属于话题类作文，只看题目“Nothing Succeeds without a strong will”考生会觉得比较抽象，难以下手。 细看题目说明中给出了提示，要求考生结合戒烟屡次不 成功的幽默引语对该话题进行分析阐述。 总体来说，这是一篇“中等偏上”的考生作文。本文先点 题指出“坚强意志”的重要性；第二段从反面举例阐述 具体描写了意志不坚定者的心理活动，阐述为什么会 戒烟失败；最后从戒烟延伸到生活中的其他事情，并复 述坚强意志的内涵，点题收尾。 总体上来看，文章思路清晰，采用了生动的比喻和形象 的心理描写，语言流畅，用语地道。但一些重复表达（ 如第二段和第三段中的weak will）显得单调，可用 shaky ones, weak-willed persons，the strong-willed等 灵活表达。在备考中，多积累不同表达，相信会写出更 生动的文章。 在论述上，叙述略显罗嗦。第二段心理描写过多，虽然 流畅生动，但却使这篇考场作文超过了规定字数，反而 成为失分点，这一点要引以为戒。 （五）考试作文类型及命题 1. 短文写作大致分为五种类型： A. 记叙文 (Narration) B. 描写文（Description） C. 说明文（Exposition） D. 论说文（Argumentation） E. 应用文（Practical Writing） 外语习得者要消灭写句子时的错误通 常是不可能的，但是朝少犯错误、不犯严 重错误的方向而努力奋斗，这应该是受到 鼓励和劳有所报的过程。 正确无误的句子标准 1. 保持句子结构完整。 2. 首字母要大写。 3. 结尾要有句号或问号或感叹号或省略号 。 4. 句子应表达一个完整的意思。 5. 句子前后要符合逻辑推理。 6. 主语为代词时要指代明晰。 7.句子时态要正确，主要指前后一致或符合 上下文场景。 eg. Mr. Bush said to his brother that he had done a good job. Note: The reader is not sure whom “he” should be referred to. So this sentence lacks coherence. 1. Xiao Li was born in a small village. The village was not printed on any map. His father was a teacher in the village school. He never left the village. Later he graduated from that school and entered a junior middle school in a town. On weekdays he had to live at school. Without parents there, he learned to look after himselfbuying food and washing clothes. Note: This is a childish composition, just as a diary from a pupil. As an adult, we are advised upon more sophisticated writing at least not that monotonic. So to be various in style is to be encouraged if a good essay tends to turn up. 让我们一起看一下四级写作的一 些固定句式吧！ Fighting 表示原因的常用句型 1）There are three reasons for this. 2）The reasons for this are as follows. 3）The reason for this is obvious. 4）The reason for this is not far to seek. 5）The reason for this is that. 6）We have good reason to believe that. 例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly，peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. 表示好处的常用句型 1） It has the following advantages. 2） It does us a lot of good. 3） It benefits us quite a lot. 4） It is beneficial to us. 5） It is of great benefit to us. 例如： Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us. 表示坏处的常用句型 1） It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2） It does us much harm. 3） It is harmful to us. With the rapid improvement of living standards, taxi has become an important means of transportation in China because of its reasonable price, its availability and the comfort it offers. In fact, many people depend on taxi to go to work and almost everyone has the experience of taking a taxi on special occasions. I am happy for not having buses as the only choice anymore. 表示事实、现状的常用句型 1）We cannot ignore the fact that. 2）No one can deny the fact that. 3）There is no denying the fact that. 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5）However，thats not the case. 例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment. 表示比较的常用句型 1）Compared with A，B. 2) A and B has several points in common. 3)It is true that A . , but the chief fault B (obvious defects )are . 4)A and B differ in several ways. 5)The advantages of A are much greater t han those of B. 6）I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 7）There is a striking contrast between them. 例如： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least，they contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise. 表示例举的常用句型 1) A good case in point is . 2) As an illustration, we may take . 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) .is often cited as an example. 表示数量的常用句型 1）It has increased（decreased） from.to. 2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000. 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January. 表示看法的常用句型 1）People have（take，adopt，assume） different attitudes towards sth. 2）People have different opinions on this problem. 3）People take different views of（on）the question. 4）Some people believ