毕业论文-单车折叠式防雨架的初步设计.doc

毕业论文 单车折叠式防雨架设计 院 （系）： 机电工程学院 专 业： 材料成型及控制工程班 级： 学生姓名： 指导老师： 2015年 05月 20 日 目 录摘 要1第一章 绪论21.1引言21.2项目内容22.1单车折叠式防雨架的初步设计22.2单车防雨架的零件设计32.2.1单车防雨架支架设计32.2.2单车防雨架的转轴设计42.2.3单车防雨架的边框设计42.2.4防雨架的支撑底座设计52.2.5防雨架杆设计72.2.6螺栓与螺母的设计82.2.7弹性绳的选用8第三章 单车折叠式防雨架的总装配图8第四章 单车折叠式防雨架的折叠设计9第五章 防雨架材料的选择与防雨布的材料选择105.1防雨架材料选择105.2防雨布的材料选择11第六章 心得体会和设计总结11参考文献13摘 要机械创新设计是指充分发挥设计者的创造力，利用已有的相关科学技术，进行创新构思，设计出具有新颖性、创造性及实用性的机械产品的一种实践活动。近年来，由于科学技术的飞跃式发展，使得机械创新设计有了新的发展前景。美国较早的从设计学的观点总结出机械创新设计的过程方法，将创新技术引入到机械设计过程，并进行了大量的工业实例的创新设计；日本专家提出的QFDC（质量功能配置），建立用户要求与设计要求之间的关系；邹惠君教授提出了机械产品方案创新设计的CAD方法和实现模型等。机械方案创新设计是机械创新设计的关键，它的核心内容是构思机器工艺动作过程、进行机构系统方案组成以及机构系统方案的综合评价选优。它的设计理论、方法以及设计智能化，包含了机构类型创新和选用机构尺度综合、机构系统设计理论。我们必须大力开展研究。方案设计应该是机械创新设计和概念设计的核心内容。方案设计中关键的理论和方法是系统科学和系统设计方法。深人研究机械系统设计原理可以大大加快机械方案的创新技术，将会大大推动现代机器的创造和发明，促进机械工业快速发展。低碳经济的特征是以减少温室气体排放为目标,构筑低能耗、低污染为基础的经济发展体系,包括低碳能源系统、低碳技术和低碳产业体系。低碳能源系统是指通过发展清洁能源,包括风能、太阳能、核能、地热能和生物质能等替代煤、石油等化石能源以减少二氧化碳排放。低碳技术包括清洁煤技术(IGCC)和二氧化碳捕捉及储存技术(CCS)等等。低碳产业体系包括火电减排、新能源汽车、节能建筑、工业节能与减排、循环经济、资源回收、环保设备、节能材料等等。二氧化碳有三个重要的来源,其中,最主要的来源是火电排放,占二氧化碳排放总量的41%;增长最快的则是汽车尾气排放,占比25%,特别是在我国汽车销量开始超越美国的情况下,这个问题越来越严重;建筑排放占比27%,随着房屋数量的增加而稳定的增加。 叠式防雨架的防雨布用料比雨衣要少的多，使用寿命比雨衣高，强度好。安装在单车上，在下雨天气里，安全性远远大于雨衣和雨伞，还可以给骑车者更多的活动空间和更广的视角。携带方便，在非雨天可以把雨架折叠起来放在单车后尾架上。折叠式防雨架的设计是以尽可能减少白色污染，安全环保方便为目的的机械创新设计。 叠式防雨架的支架采用铝合金材料，强度适中，耐腐蚀性强，抗氧化性也很15强，作为防雨架的支架可以提高雨架的耐用性。关键词： 低碳、二氧化碳、折叠式、防雨架第一章 绪论1.1引言单车现在已经算是老百姓的常用交通工具了，更加是学生的必需品之一。单车有它自身的方便作用，也是一种环保低碳、可以锻炼身体的交通工具。但是在下雨天气的时候踩单车会比较危险，在学生调查之中雨天踩单车打雨伞的要比穿雨衣的多，因为很多学生都觉得穿雨衣很不方便，同时视角也变得很窄。但危险程度也相对增加了。所以单车折叠式防雨架的设计目的是为了骑车者的安全、方便，减少对防雨布的使用，绿色环保。1.2项目内容本次设计主要是根据单车的长度、宽度、人均高度来设计防雨架的支架。对防雨架的材料选择，应达到耐用的效果，尽可能地提高雨架的寿命。折叠式防雨架的设计思想主要源于生活，单车是每一户人家的交通必需品，在雨天踩单车也是很不方便和很不安全的。雨衣的耐用性不高，它的材料也不是环保的材料。所以在每一辆单车上改装了单车折叠式防雨架可以减少雨衣的使用，达到低碳环保的效果。防雨架的设计最大特点就是可以在非雨天气的时候可以折叠起来，达到便捷的效果。并且在防雨布上选择了相当环保型的布料。支架采用了不锈钢或铝合金的耐用性金属材料。并且可以把雨架自行拆卸，可以在二人单车三人单车的长度自行安装和DIY。第二章 单车折叠式防雨架的设计2.1单车折叠式防雨架的初步设计根据单车的外形尺寸为1700*500*1300(mm)，来确定单车防雨架的大致外形，初步设计如下：初步确定雨架的上层展开后分为4个部分，每个部分的尺寸为500mm*600mm,所以展开后的尺寸为2000mm*600mm。这个面积足够可以在下雨天气遮盖住两个人。防雨架的高度初定为雨架顶部在单车手把处的高度尺寸为1000mm。这个高度可以使用于98%人群中。 图1 单车折叠式防雨架初步设计图2.2单车防雨架的零件设计2.2.1单车防雨架支架设计 图2 单车雨架支架设计三视图根据单车雨架支架的设计三视图，用Pro/E软件对其进行建模，效果图如下：2.2.2单车防雨架的转轴设计转轴的尺寸：长为600mm，直径为8mm（5支）2.2.3单车防雨架的边框设计边框1和边框5的设计图： 边框2、3、4、6、7、8的设计图：边框与支架装配后的Pro/E模型：单车防雨架的边框设计中，除了型号4和8外都设有限制转动（0180度），这个设计是为了防雨架在完全打开的时候达到一种相互限制转动的作用，让防雨架保持一条直线的状态。2.2.4防雨架的支撑底座设计支撑底座是防雨架与单车把手之间配合连接的。所以分为上底座和下底座。1、上底座设计三视图：用Pro/E软件建模：2、下底座设计三视图用Pro/E软件建模： 2.2.5防雨架杆设计长度设计为840mm，直径为14mm（两根）。受力分析：绘制主结构的剪力图和弯矩图，分析的最终结构剪力图和弯矩图如图所示主结构的剪力图和弯矩图梁弯曲时的许用挠度为y，只要选用的材料最大的挠度不要超过其许用挠度，即可，得主结构梁的最大的挠度=(式中 截面的惯性矩， 抗弯截面模量，)又因为所采用的材料是空心铝合金管材，所以分别存在管材截面惯性矩 ，和抗弯截面模型 ，即根据弯曲时的刚度条件=，只要选用的材料最大的挠度小于材料弯曲时的许用挠度为y即可，通过实验和分析，本课题设计的轮椅所采用的硬铝合金完全满足条件，刚度足够，故主体结构材料采用铝合金是满足要求的。2.2.6螺栓与螺母的设计螺栓的选择：选用d=8mm l=24mm六角螺栓（A级GB/T 57822000），数量8个；螺母的选择：选用d=8mm的六角螺母（A级GB/T61702000），数量28个； 选用d=12mm的六角螺母（A级GB/T61702000），数量2个。2.2.7弹性绳的选用弹性绳使用在防雨架末端是为了把雨架展开后拉平。第三章 单车折叠式防雨架的总装配图运用Pro/E软件配装防雨架：各零件材料及标准（详见A3原理图）第四章 单车折叠式防雨架的折叠设计考虑到雨架在非雨天并不需要，所以将单车防雨架的边框设计成，可在转轴的作用下由平直的折叠成015度，便于携带、安装以及使用。防雨架折叠过程：折叠后的防雨架模型：第五章 防雨架材料的选择与防雨布的材料选择5.1防雨架材料选择防雨架应该考虑到强度好，耐腐蚀性强和抗氧化性强，重量要轻。所以在防雨架的支架、边框、转轴、杆的部分选用铝合金材料。铝及铝合金其它金属材料相比，具有以下一些特点： 1、密度小 铝及铝合金的密度接近2.7g/,约为铁或铜的1/3。 2、强度高铝及铝合金的强度高。经过一定程度的冷加工可强化基体强度,部分牌号的铝合金还可以通过热处理进行强化处理。3、导电导热性好 铝的导电导热性能仅次于银、铜和金。 4、耐蚀性好铝的表面易自然生产一层致密牢固的AL2O3保护膜，能很好的保护基体不受腐蚀。通过人工阳极氧化和着色，可获得良好铸造性能的铸造铝合金或加工塑性好的变形铝合金。 5、易加工添加一定的合金元素后，可获得良好铸造性能的铸造铝合金或加工塑性好的变形铝合金。 对于上下底座的材料，选用45号钢即可。5.2防雨布的材料选择防雨布在选择上应尽可能地节约成本、选择耐用、环保材料，在分析了解之后，决定选用PE 聚乙烯，因为PE聚乙烯材料有优良的绝缘性、耐化学腐蚀性及耐低温性能，同时还有很高的耐水性，能够在长期与水接触中保持其性能不发生改变；并且我们选择的是高压聚乙烯，因为高压法制备的聚乙烯，其聚合物本体中的分子结构支链较多，密度和结晶度较低，质地柔软，透明性好，被广泛用于制作薄膜和日用品，是一种很好的防水材料。鉴于此，防雨布的最终材料定为高压聚乙烯第六章 心得体会和设计总结在这次创新设计中，对单车防雨架设计里让我查阅了很多资料，在多次草图设计里终于把防雨架的大致外形设计出来，并把防雨架的每一个零件进行了设计画图然后建模。把全部零件设计完成后再一起装配起来。并且还要对防雨架用到的防雨布进行查阅资料和材料的选用等等。所以通过这次创新设计课程设计，我认为我学到了很多东西。然而在设计的过程中，我却遇到了不少的麻烦，一度让我心烦了很久。问题一：无法理解创新全社会都在强调创新，而每个人对创新的理解应该有所不同。开始时，我认为创新，就是创造一样全新的东西，这东西别人是想都没想过的，更别说是做了。但是，就是因为起初我是这样想的，结果创新设计任务书下来后我还没想到应该做什么好。后来，经过上网查阅，才知道创新不一定是全部都要新的，也可以是在旧有元素上加一些新的元素。搞创新设计不光要有创新，而且要学会继承。现在，全社会都在强调创新，但我们不能一强调创新，就瞧不起原有的东西。通常的创新分为两种，一种就是构成事物旧有元素的重新组合，一种是在旧有元素上加一些新的元素。所以，不管怎样，创新的东西总是含有一些旧有事物的影子是不可否认的。原有的东西就如同一盘菜，创新就如同一点点调料，有了这么一点调料，菜的味道更加鲜美。但没有人为了纯鲜美，不要菜，光来一盘炒调料的。所以我们强调创新，但不能忘记继承，只有继承，没有创新，那是因循守旧，而只有创新，没有继承，那是空中楼阁。问题二：无从下手虽然明白了什么是创新，怎样才算是创新，而且还想好了该设计什么，但是因为不知道该把产品设计成什么样子，不知道自己设计到的是否合理，不知道在自己之前是否已有人做过此类设计等等，使我对创新设计感到非常迷惘、无从下手。不知道应该从哪一步开始做起。周五很快就到了，要交创新设计了。在这期间，经过和同学的讨论还有上网的查阅后，渐渐的入手可以进行设计。最终，得出了我的创新设计产品。在这次设计过程中，我有过泄气的时候，有过松懈的时候，有过懒惰的时候，但是为了更好地完成这次创新设计课程设计，也为了学习到更多的专业知识，我做出了一番努力，下了一定苦工。通过这次创新设计，让我重新掌握了很多以前课本所学的内容，感觉自己在理论联系实际的能力上有所提高。当然，还发现了自己的许多不足，例如课本知识未能完全理解。通过这次设计，我懂得了怎么去自学，怎样去查阅资料，为将来工作之路又打下了一笔结实的基础。参考文献1周开勤主编；机械零件手册；高等教育出版社；2004年08月2何庭蕙主编；工程力学；华南理工大学出版社；2007年01月3屈华昌主编；塑料成型工艺；高等教育出版社；2007年08月4陈国定主编；机械设计；高等教育出版社； 2007年02月5谭雪松编制；Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire4 三维造型实例图解；清华大学出版社；2008年11月6丁骏一主编；机械制造技术基础；机械工业出版社; 2009年02月7刘林主编 AutoCAD 2008中文版高级应用教程；2008年03月8张春林编；机械创新设计；机械工业出版社；2007年09月a您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！AnationalsurveywasrecentlylaunchedtoevaluatetheeyehealthofChinesechildrenandteenagers.OnJune6,ChinasannualNationalDayforEyeCare,theChinaYouthDevelopmentServiceCenterandZhejiangMedicine,aleadinglistedChinesepharmaceuticalcompany,jointlyannouncedthekickoffofthesurvey.Inaboutonemonth,aquestionnairecompiledbytopeyecaremedicalexpertsinChinawillbedistributedthroughmultipleonlinepartners,includingH,aswellasthroughofflinesurveyeventsheldinuniversities,middleschoolsandprimaryschoolsacrossthecountry.Areportwillbereleasedbasedonthesurveystatisticsandanalysis,andmostimportantly,guidelinesforparentsandyouthonhowtocarefortheeyesandpreventmyopiaagrowingprobleminChinasdigitizedsociety,willalsobeattachedonthereport.Myopiaisnotonlyadiseasethatmakespeopleseethingsblurrily,butalsoleadstoseverecomplications,suchasglaucoma(increasedpressurewithintheeyeball),andcancauseblindness,saidZhouYuehua,anestablishedeyecarespecialistwithBeijingTongrenHospital.Itisveryimportantforparentsandchildrentoknowabouttheriskandcarefortheireyes.Thereareabout450millionmyopiapatientsinChina.AmongChinesemyopiapatients,30millionareseverepatients,accordingtoZhouTheprevalenceofmyopiaamonghighschoolandcollegestudentsismorethan70percent,andthesituationiscontinuouslyworsening,headded.SunZhu,directorwiththeChinaYouthDevelopmentServiceCenter,saidlonghoursofstudy,lackofexercise,especiallyoutdooractivities,andattachmenttoelectronicscreenaresomeofthetopreasonsbehindthewidespreadmyopiaproblems,andtheincreaseofyoungerpatients,althoughChinahasmadegreatprogressinimprovingthehardwarefacilitiesandlightingconditionsinschools.Hesaidhehopesthesurveywillalertpeopleonthethreateningsituation,andalsohelpmedicalexpertstobetterguidelineparentsandchildrensbehaviorstocareforeyes,basedonthetimelyandfactualstatisticsthesurveycollected.Aseriesoffollow-upeventswillalsobeheldinsixcities,includingJinaninShandongprovince,andChangshainHunanprovince,toeducatepeopleonhowtocareforeyesafterthesurveystarted. More and more Chinese are jogging to get and stay fit. Most joggers will run alone, but some will jog with friends or even coaches. The Beijing Olympic Forest Park is one of the most popular spots. It is packed with runners in the afternoon, usually after work, and at weekends. Jogging after a whole days work can be a way to unwind. It is true for He Wenjun, whose workplace is right near the forest park. She discovered her athletic aptitude at the age of seven, when she began playing tennis. Then she turned to jogging, and she has persevered with it for 10 years. I come to jog almost every day after work, whenever I have time. I think jogging is good for my health. And for me, a girl, it helps me to achieve to eternal goal, to keep slim, He said. He says she prefers jogging alone, so she can focus better. She loves jogging, even during Beijings smoggy days. If the smog is severe, Ill hold off jogging for a while. But if I really want to get away from work, Ill wear a mask, or just ignore the smog and go on jogging, she said. For those who are not so athletic, jogging also has its attractions. Wu Houbin started roughly two years ago, when he was severely obese. Within two months, his weight dropped from 82 kilograms to 64 kilograms. The success helped him recover health, and he has made friends. Jogging does not require speed, but stamina. If you want to stick to the game, you need to take it as a mission, a habit, and then eventually a hobby, Wu said. But persevering with jogging is not always easy. Jogging is beneficial for heart-lung function, and the skeletal system, but doctors say improper technique damages the joints, especially the knees and ankles. Excessive jogging wears down the body, and harms ones health. Poor technique harms the muscles and skeleton, and can cause secondary injures. And, jogging in a bad environment can cause circulation problems, said Lu Zhiyong, attending doctor, Sports Hospital, General Admin. of Sports.Dr. Lu has some tips for joggers, and those who are thinking of taking it up.He says people should first evaluate their physical condition, to decide the amount and type of exercise, and jogging in the open air is better running on a treadmill. Conrad Macao will run special programs for the entire month of October this year to support the Hong Kong Cancer Funds Pink Revolution, an annual campaign that seeks to raise awareness and funds for breast cancer research, the hotel recently announced. A major sponsor of the campaign for three years in a row, Conrad Macao has pledged to donate a portion of its proceeds to the fund, including those collected from selling its popular bear and rubber duck merchandise, in limited pink editions. Pink is the theme for floral arrangements and decorations in the hotel in October. In addition, on Fridays that month, members of the management and staff will add something pink to their uniforms, regular e-mails and handwritten guest cards. Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women in Hong Kong and is also of significant concern in Macao and around the world, regardless of age, general manager Bede Barry said in a statement. The hotel has enlisted the support of a number of international and local celebrities to help drive the cause, including South Korean actor Jung Suk Won. This year, a lucky guest who stays at the hotel during the campaign and also donates money for the cause will win a necklace specially designed by Arte Madrid, a Spanish jewelry brand. Women should strive to balance quality of work and life, and have children at a young age. As a doctor I see much suffering because of this imbalance. Xiao Ying, 36, works for a large law firm. Her job means lots of travel, a heavy caseload and a large number of meetings, so her schedule is hectic. She has been pregnant twice, but had abortions on both occasions because she felt her busy, high-pressure career wasnt conducive to raising a child. She planned to have children once she had achieved career success so she could provide a stable environment for her baby. After 10 years, Xiao felt the time was right, and she tried to conceive for about six months, but was unable to become pregnant. I conducted comprehensive physical checkups. The results suggested that Xiaos ovarian function has declined and a bilateral oviduct blockage has occurred, meaning that in vitro fertilization is her only option. So, after reducing her workload, Xiao underwent IVF treatment. Luckily, she got pregnant after just one treatment cycle, but later experienced vaginal bleeding, and rushed to the hospital. I told her to rest and carry on with the treatment (to prevent a miscarriage). As Zubin Zarthoshtimanesh, a yoga guru, demonstrated postures at a high school stadium in Dujiangyan city, Sichuan province, some 200 students sat on colorful mats watching him closely. It was part of the first India-China international yoga festival in the provincial capital, Chengdu, in Southwest China, where more than 1,000 fans from home and abroad gathered for lessons from 20 leading practitioners of the ancient Indian regimen, from June 17-21. Yoga is to India what perhaps tai chi is to China. Many countries other than India and China, also held the first World Yoga Day on June 21, after the United Nations last year agreed to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis suggestion that a special day be marked in the year for the global practice of the stress-busting regimen, which is already a multibillion dollar industry in the United States. Modi said in the speech: Yoga is an invaluable gift of Indias ancient tradition. . It is not about exercise but to discover the sense of oneness with yourself, the world and nature.Zarthoshtimanesh, who runs his own yoga center, Iyengar Yogabhyasa, in the Indian financial capital of Mumbai, says: Chinese students are very respectful. For me, all students are the same no matter what their race is and where they come from. The most important thing is to remove mental walls. Zarthoshtimanesh learned yoga from the late Yogacharya Iyengar and traveled with the master to different countries. Consulate General of India in southern Chinas Guangzhou city organized the Chengdu festival. A terrifying wooden bridge in China has just been replaced by a glass one. This, the worlds longest glass-bottomed walkway, is located in Shiniuzhai Geopark in Hunan, and spans 300m (984f) and is 180m (590f) above ground. The floor is made of double-layered glass that is 24mm (0.94in), and is reportedly 25 times stronger than regular window glass. The bridge had previously been made of wood, linking the two peaks of Stone Buddha Mountain, but 11 engineers working 12 hours a day converted it to glass. Previously, you were considered brave if you steeled yourself to cross the wooden walkway; now, with its glass bottom, the bridge is already being referred to as “hero bridge.” The popular chains longtime executive chef embraces mapo tofu and other exotic elements for the burger-driven menu, Liu Zhihua reports.At the age of 37, Shanghai native Lin Zhengu has become a star as a Western cuisine chef in the Chinese metropolis, a city that has a wealth of Western restaurants. The executive chef of Blue Frog Bar and Grill, a popular burger-based restaurant and bar chain on the Chinese mainland, Lin is the soul of the restaurant franchises team of more than 550 chefs. Many of the franchises most popular dishes are his brainchild. Lin says his secret of success is innovation rooted in experience: He spends months every year traveling and eating worldwide, seeking new ingredients and inspirations that could improve the offerings of Blue Frog restaurants. The restaurant chain regularly launches a new seasonal menu, usually featuring eight new dishes with fresh ingredients. The best-selling seasonal dishes later replace the least popular items on the regular menu, which is usually updated in late fall and boasts a selection of about 40 dishes. Food should have no boundaries, Lin says. As long as the food tastes good and is healthy