大学英语语法讲解.ppt

大学英语语法 讲解 情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法) vmust +have +过去分词 （用于肯 定句）一定已经. vThe light is still on. They must have forgotten to turn it off when they left the room. v注:mustnt have done vcant (couldnt) +have +过去分词 （用于否定或疑问句）不可能 vHe cannot have been to that town for I saw him just now. v should/ought to +have+过去分词 本应该做(却没有做). vAs his best friend, you should/ought to have helped him. (but in fact, you didnt.) vshouldnt /ought not to +have +过 去分词 本不应该做(却做了). v You shouldnt have parked your car here, for its a public place. vneednt +have +过去分词 本不必做 vYou neednt have waited for me. I told you yesterday I would overwork. with vwith + done vWith the homework finished, the boy went out. vwith + doing vWith the old man leading the way, we finally find the house. vwith + prep vWith the light on, all the students went out of the classroom. 虚拟语气的用法 v概念：表示说话人的愿望、假设、 猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在 的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的 特殊形式来表示 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句 (1) 与过去事实相反 vIfhad +done, would (should, could, might) +have +done vIf you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam. v与现在事实相反 vIf + did (bewere)，would (should, could, might) + do vIf he had time, he would attend the meeting. vIf I were you, I should study English. v与将来事实相反 vIf + did (bewere) / were to / should+ do,would (should, could, might) + do vIf you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. vIf it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. v虚拟语气用于宾语从句 v在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面 的宾语从句中用(should) + do。 v如: advise, suggest, propose, request, require, insist, demand, order, command, desire vWe suggested that we (should) have a meeting. vWe insisted that the meeting (should) be cancelled. v注意：suggest 作“暗示，表明”解 时，insist 作“坚决认为”解时不用 虚拟语气，而用一般的时态。 vMike insisted that he had never stolen anything. vHer sun-tanned face suggested that she was in excellent health. v虚拟语气用于主语从句 vIt is necessary (important, natural, strange, essential, etc.) that sb (should) +动词原形 vThis is a very difficult operation. It is essential that you be prepared for emergency. vIt is be suggested (desired, ordered, proposed, advised, etc.) that sb (should) + do v虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句 v作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request，wish等名词的表语从句、 同位语从句。其谓语动词用 (should ) +动词原形 vWe all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. vit is (high) time sb + did vIt is (high) time we left. v虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹 句中(要是就好了) vIf only I had taken his advice. vaccount for: 解释某事物的原因 vPlease account for your rude behavior. vbring up:抚养 vShe was brought up by her aunt. vget through:(设法)完成;(使)通过 vThere is a lot of work to get through. vShe got all her pupils through the test. vtry to do:设法做某事 vWe try to finish the work on time. vendeavor (fml.) to do:设法做某事 vWe endeavor to finish the work on time. vsucceed (in) doing 成功做某事 vWe succeed in finishing the work on time. vas a result:结果 vAs a result, two people were killed in the accident. vby the way:顺便 vBy the way, please give it to Mary. von the contrary:与此相反 vIt doesnt seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think its rather beautiful. vpick out:挑出 vHe picked out the ripe peach. vmake out:辨认 vCan you make out what that sign says? vgive off:发出(蒸汽,光等) vThe food gave off a bad smell. vseparate:分开 vseparatefrom vcompare:比较 vcompareto/with vcontrast: vcontrast (to/with) 对比，相 比 vcome up with:提出 vHe came up a new idea for increasing sales. vcatch up with:赶上 vAfter a term, she caught up with the other students in her class. vkeep up with:跟上 vWe should keep up with the pace of the modern society. 定语从句 v在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句 叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代 词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系 代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词when, where, why等。他们在定语从句中担任句 子成分。 vwho（代替人）: vI know the man who/that is standing under the tree over there. vwhom: vThe doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room. vWho stands near the river is our school. vwhose（可代替人和物） vDo you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? vI live in a room whose windows face south. vwhich（代替物） vThe building which stands near the river is our school. vthat(可代替人和物) vThe letter (that ) I received was from my father. v注意:在下面几种情况下必须用“that” v1. 先行词是不定代词：all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything vAll that (what) we have to do is to practise every day. v2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级 所修饰。 vThe first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten. v3.先行词被all, any every, few, little, no, some等修饰。 v I have read all the books (that ) you gave me. vwhen vI will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu. vwhere This is the place where we lived for 5 years. vwhy v I know the reason why he came late. v限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成 部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。 v非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主 句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能 省略，不用that。 vI have two sisters, who are both students. v关系代词which ，as可指代前面整 句话的内容。 vAs we all know, he studies very hard. vP184第49题 倒装句 v英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语 在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法 结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或 部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象 叫做倒装。 全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。 v以 out, in, up, down, away, here, there,等副词开头的句子里。 vHere comes the bus. 部分倒装： 把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前 否定副词提前的句型中，否定副词有hardly, not , nowhere, seldom, not only, scarcely, never, little, at no time, in no circumstance. vI shall never do this again. vNever shall I do this again. v如：P184第52、53题、P206 第48题、P230 第47题 vrelieve:解除或减轻(痛苦、忧虑等) vrelate: vrelateto/with把和联系起来 vretain:保持；保留 vignore:忽视；忽略 vneglect:忽视；忽略 vrefuse:拒绝 vas for (sb./ sth.):至于 vAs for you, you should be ashamed of yourself. vbesides:除了 vBesides me, they all went to the Summer Palace. vexcept:除了 vExcept me, they all went to the Summer Palace. vsufficient:充足的，充分的 veffective:有效的 vefficient:有能力的，有效率的 vrespective:各自的，分别的 vprogress:进步，进展 vproceed:继续前进，继续下去 vpromote:推销 vpropose:建议，计划 分词做状语 v分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原 因，行为方式，伴随状况等。 v1. 现在分词有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和 谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为，完成 式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动 作。 v v 主 动 被 动 v一般式 doing being + done v完成式 having +done having +been v +done vBeing a student, I must study hard.(原因) vHaving been examined by the doctor, the patient went home. v注意：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的 主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主 语。 vTime permitting, I will finish another lesson. vP195 第46、47题、P219 第53题 、P231 第52题 v过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语 动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动 含义。 vThe teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. vHe lay half dead, with all his fibs broken. vP172 第49题 vrepresent:代表；描绘，塑造；陈 述 vpresent:将某物赠予或交给某人 vsupply:供应 vsupply sb. with sth. vSupply sth. to sb. vexplode:爆炸 vexpand:扩大 vexpose:暴露 vexposeto将暴露于 vexplore:开发 vspread:展开 vdisplay:展示，陈列 vlocate:位于，坐落于 vbe located in vinstance:事例 vcharacter:性格；人物 vitem:条款，项目 vdetail:细节 vlook out:小心；向外看 vlook after:照顾 vlook into:调查 vlook on:旁观 voccasion:时刻，场合 vsituation:状况，处境 vin a situation vcondition:条件 vunder/incondition venvironment:环境 vI could do nothing but accept it. vI could say nothing but to accept it. vexcept that:除了 vShe remembered nothing about her except that her hair is black. vexcept for:除了 vIt is a good article except for some spelling mistakes. vbut for:要不是 vBut for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday. vIt is . before vIt is .since vIt is five years since we left school. vcontain:包含，包括 vThe story contains 3 parts. vsecure:保护，使某物安全 vThe law can secure the civil rights the old people. vreserve:保留 vThese seats are reserved for the special guests. vmaintain:保持 vsufficiently:充足地 vapproximately:大概地 vconsiderably:很，相当地 vproperly:正确地 vcome across:碰巧遇到 vcome up:长出地面 vThe grass are just beginning to come up. vcome to:到达；等于某数 vThe bill comes to $30. vWhen we came to the room, no one were in it. vcome over:从一地来到另一地 vWhy dont you come over to England for a holiday? vimpression:印象 vHis speech made a strong impression on us. vreaction:反应 vcomment:评论 vDo you have any comment on this matter? vother:另外的 vSome people are singing, and other people are dancing. vbenefit:使(某人)受好处 vThe policy will benefit all the people. vaffect:影响 vSmoking will affect you health. vguide:指导，引导 vHe guided me to my seat. veffect:使发生，引起 veffect a change vin relation to:与有关 vThis matter is in relation to many people. vin contrast to:与对比 vHer white hair is in sharp contrast to her dark skin. vin excess of:过度 vHe was in excess of alcohol. vin favor of:支持 vat heart:内心里;基本上 vIm a country girl at heart. vin person:亲身，亲自 vYou must come here in person. von purpose:故意的 vHe did that on purpose. vby nature:天生的 祈使句, and. If ,. If we had had five minutes earlier, we could have caught the last train. vcant help but do禁不住做某事 vcant help doing禁不住做某事 vWe cant help laughing. vThere is no point (in) doing sth. v做没有