广州英语-七年级下-重点语法.doc

广州英语牛津版-七年级下-重点语法1. 反意疑问句1当陈述部分的主语是I，而句子又用来征询对方的意见时，附加疑问句中的主语用you。如: I find English very interesting, dont you?I dont like that film, do you?2、当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代词时，附加疑问句中的主语通常用they。但亦可用he，尤其是nobody, no one等作主语，具有否定概念时。如：Somebody phoned while I was out, didnt they?Everyone enjoyed the party, didnt they? / Nobody wants to go there, does he?3、当陈述部分的主语是不定代词everything, nothing, anything, something时，附加 疑问句中的主语一般用it，不用they。如：Everything seems all right now, doesnt it? / Nothing is kept in good order, is it?Something must be done to stop pollution, isnt it?4、当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that或these, those时，附加疑问句中的主语分别用it和they。如：This is important, isnt it? / These are your friends Tom and Jack, arent they?5、当陈述句为there be结构时，附加疑问句中的主语也用there。如：Theres no help for it, is there? / Theres something wrong, isnt there?6、陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：Bob rarely got drunk, did he? / Few people know him, do they?如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定处理，附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。如：He was unsuccessful, wasnt he? / Tom dislikes the book, doesnt he?7、在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, wont you, would you,有时也可用can you, cant you, why dont you, could you等。如：Dont open the door, will you? / Give me some cigarettes, can you?但是，以lets开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句，如果含义是allow us，不包括听话人在内，疑问部分用will you。如：Lets have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we?Let us go out for a rest, will you?8、当陈述部分带有情态动词must表示“必须”时，疑问部分用mustnt.如：You must work hard next term, mustnt you? / I must answer the letter, mustnt I?但若表推测这层含义时，不能用must，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构（即must之后的动词）以及含义采用相应的动词形式。如：You must have made a mistake, havent you? / He must be in the library, isnt he?They must have seen the film last week, didnt they?9、当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用 usednt或didnt。如：The old man used to smoke, didnt he?或usednt he?10、当陈述部分含有had better时，疑问部分用had。如：Youd better finish your homework now, hadnt you?巩固练习：1. I dont think that the necklace is made of diamond, _?A. do I B. do you C. isnt it D. is it2. His wife had the carpets and the curtains cleaned, _?A. hadnt B. had C. didnt she D. did she3.Its my sons wedding next week, and I have to do my best for that,_?A. havent I B. dont I C. dont he D. isnt it4.Harry wouldnt become a teacher if it hadnt been for the holiday, _?A. would he B. had it C. would it D. had he5. No one left here yesterday,_?A. didnt they B. did they C. didnt one D. did one6. Birds rarely build nests in our garden,_?A. dont they B. do they C. didnt they D. did they7. You must have been to the Great Wall,_?A. mustnt you B. havent you C. arent you D. must you9.They must have stayed at home last night,_?A. mustnt they B. havent they C. didnt they D. must they10.I feel like going to the cinema tonight,_?A. dont I B. dont you C. do I D. do you11.Lets start out early tomorrow morning,_?A. shall we B. will you C. do you D. cant you12.Theres not much news in todays newspaper,_?A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt there D. is there13.They need our help badly at the moment,_?A. neednt they B. need they C. dont they D. do they14.She is unfit for the position,_?A. is she B. isnt she C. doesnt she D. does she15.I wish to visit America,_?A. dont I B. can I C. may I D. may you16.Mother used to live in a poor village,_?A. used she B. usednt she C. didnt he D. did he17.Youd better go at once,_?A. wouldnt you B. had you C. hadnt you D. should you28.I am very interested in Mark Twains novels,_?A. arent I B. am not I C. arent you D. are youKeys:1-5 DCBAB 6-10 BBACD11-15 ADABC 16-20 CABCA3. when, while和as的区别as, while ,when 的用法as， while和when均可用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，作“当时候”解。它们所引导的时间状语从句有时意思一样，有时却有差异。意思相同时，这三个词可以互换使用；意思不同时，则不能互换。一、 as的意思是“正当时候（just as，at the same moment that）”“随着(while，when)”,它既可表示一个具体的时间点，也可以表示一段时间。as可表示主句和从句的动作同时发生或同时持续，即“点点重合”“线线重合”；又可表示一个动作发生在另一个动作的持续过程中，即“点线重合”，但不能表示两个动作一前一后发生。如果主句和从句的谓语动词都表示持续性的动作，二者均可用进行时，也可以一个用进行时，一个用一般时或者都用一般时。例如：1. As I got on the bus， he got off.我上车，他下车。（点点重合）2. He was writing as I was reading.我看书时，他在写字。（线线重合）3. The students were talking as the teacher came in.老师进来时，学生们正在讲话。（点线重合）二、while的意思是“在同时（at the same time that )”“在期间(for as long as, during the time that）”。从while的本身词义来看，它只能表示一段时间，不能表示具体的时间点。在时间上可以是“线线重合”或“点线重合”，但不能表示“点点重合”。例如：1. He was watching TV while she was cooking.她做饭时，他在看电视。（线线重合）2. He was waiting for me while I was working.我工作的时候，他正等着我。（线线重合）3. He asked me a question while I was speaking.我在讲话时，他问了我一个问题。（点线重合）三、 when的意思是“当时候（at the time that）”“无论什么时候（whenever）” “一就（as soon as ）” “在以后（after）”。它表示的时间概念比较广泛，上述例句中的as或while均可用when代替，因为when不但可以表示具体的时间点，而且也可以表示一段时间。在时间上它既能表示“点点重合”“线线重合”，又能表示“点线重合”。例如：1.When he came in， she went out.他进来，她出去。（点点重合）此句中when从句的动作表示的是一个时间点，when可以用as代替，但不能用while代替。2. When he came back， I was doing some washing.他回来时，我在洗衣服。（点线重合）此句中when从句的动作表示的是一个时间点，所以只能用as代替，不能用while代替。3. When Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.玛丽写信时，孩子们都在外面玩。（线线重合）4. also, too, either 与 as well 的用法区别1) too 和 as well 多用于口语中，语气较轻，通常用于肯定句或疑问句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。如：Are they coming, too as well? 注意：在 Me too; You too这类简略答语中，通常不用 as well或also。2) also 比 too 和 as well 正式，一般也不用于否定句，它在句中的位置通常是紧靠动词，即放在行为动词之前，特殊动之后。有时为了强调也放在句末(但不常见)。如：She is young and beautiful，and also rich. 说明：also 有时用于句首(其后通常有逗号)，相当于连词 and。如：Also, his mother was dead. 3) either(也)通常只用于否定句，且要放在句末。如：He hasnt finished it, either. 5. 人称代词? 人称代词表示人称范畴以及他们的相关变化形式。人称代词有三个人称，每个人称又分为单复数形式。人称代词的形式如下： 单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshehertheythem人称代词的位置1）人称代词一般出现在它所指代的名词之后. e.g. Tom is a five-year-old boy. He likes reading and swimming. ( he指代Tom)2）人称代词也可出现在它所指代的名词的前面。e.g. Though he didnt know it, Jack was in danger. 杰克还不知道，他已经处于危险之中了。（he 指代Jack）人称代词的指代作用: 人称代词不仅可以指人，也可以指物。人称代词的人称，数和性由其所指代的名词决定，人称代词的格由其在句子中的地位来决定。作为主语就用主格，做宾语用宾格6. 反身代词1） 列表Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself2）做宾语a. 有些动词需有反身代词 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behaveWe enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。 Please sit down.请坐。3） 作表语； 同位语be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：No one but myself (me) is hurt.注意：a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错) Myself drove the car.(对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。Charles and myself saw it.5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。7. 情态动词一、can的用法：1. (表示能力、功能)能,会 The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。 June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。 2. (表示可能性)可能,可能会 I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。 3. (表示允许、请求)可以 You cant take the book out of the room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗? 4. (表示命令)必须 If you wont keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。 5. (表示偶然发生的可能性)有时会 It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。 6. (表示惊讶)究竟;竟至于 What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事? 二、could的用法can的过去式；（用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能；可以；（表示可能性）可能；（用于婉转语气）能，可以 三、may的用法1.表示请求和允许，意思是：可以He may come if he likes. 如果他想来，可以来2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝，（但愿）。 May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。 3.表示推测，意思是：可能（会），或许（会）。 It may rain this evening. Youd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好带上雨伞。 四、must的用法1.表“必须”。 You must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。2.在否定结构中表不许。You mustnt leave here.你不能离开这儿。3.表坚定的建议。 You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得马上来看我们。4.表推测，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。注意： may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用cant The baby cant be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。 五、might的用法might表示的可能性太小，没有足够的说服力去职责别人。 can, could 之间的区别，和 may,might 之间的区别在于，虚拟句和过去时态用后者，表示的可能性比原词小，但大部分时候2者可以互换，不会产生歧义或者对表述造成干扰。 六、should的用法1.should 作为助动词 shall 的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配，表示过去将来时间。2.should 作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，译作“应该”、“应当”，这时它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互换使用。例如：You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time. 你们应该按时做完你们的实验。3.should 作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一”、“竟然”，这时也可将 should 置于从句之首，即将 should 放在主语前面，而省略从属连词 if.If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go.）万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。七、 would的用法1.would是will的过去式，Would you like？ 表示请求、劝说，是很客气的说法。Would you like a cup of tea？ 您愿意喝杯茶吗？ 2.主语+would like to 表示“想要”的意思上，与want to意思一 样，但用此句型较客气。I want to ask you a question. 3.最基本的虚拟语气句型: 主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 八. ought to的用法ought to 是一个可以加上to 的情态动词其意思与should是一样的,但是ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测,而should可以 ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。 如： We shouldought to help each other and learn from each other in our work She is your mother, so you ought to support her We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will 8. 物主代词1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如： John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-s属格结构，例如：Jacks cap 意为 The cap is Jacks.His cap 意为 The cap is his.2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能a. 作主语，如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。b. 作宾语，如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。c. 作介词宾语，如：Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。d. 作主语补语，如：The life I have is yours. Its yours. Its yours.我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。9. 条件状语从句概念: 在复合句中，由从句表示的状语叫做状语从句。它可以用来修饰主语中的动词.形容词.副词等。根据它表达的意思，状语从句可以分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句和让步状语从句等。由连接词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。（注意：在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是一般将来时态，从句要用一般现在时主将从现原则)经典语句：If it dosent rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.If you open the door，i will come in.条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会”, 常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。固定搭配：unless = if.not. e.g. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tired, lets go out for a walk.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him.so/as long as只要由as (so) long as, in case引导。So long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。10. (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。 Although he s wealthy，he spends_ on clothes. A. little B. fewC. a little D. a few答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。固定搭配:only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)many a (=many)Many books were sold.Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。11. 现在完成时意义: 补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态句型: 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。study-studied-studied , cry-cried-cried ,play-played-played , stay-stayed-stayed (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped2 、不规则动词： AAA型: cost cost costcut cut cuthit hit hithurt hurt hurtput put putset set setlet let letAAB型: beat beat beatenABA型: become became become run ran run come came come特殊情况: read read readread原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/ ABB型: bring brought broughtbuy bought boughtbuild built built find found foundhear heard heardkeep kept kept lose lost lostmake made mademeet met metsell sold soldsit sat satstand stood stoodteach taught taughttell told toldthink thought thoughtwin won won ABC型: begin began begunblow blew blownbreak broke brokenforget forgot forgottenfreeze froze frozengive gave givengrow grew grownknow knew knownshake shook shakensing sang sungswim swam swumthrow threw thrownwrite wrote written 用法:（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy, die, join, lose）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come-bego out-be outfinish-be overopen-be opendie-be dead a) 用持续性动词代替终止性动词1.have代替buy: My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.2、用keep或have代替borrow: I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.3、用be替代become: How long has your sister been a teacher?4、用have a cold代替catch a cold: Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用wear代替put onb)用“be形容词”代终止性动词 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall (get) ill3、bedead代die 4、beasleep代fall (get) asleep5、beawake代wake/wake up 6、begone代lose,die,sell,leave7、beopen代open 8、be closed代close/shut9、bemissing(gone,lost)代losec)用“be副词”代终止性动词1“beon”代start, begin2“beup”代get up3“beback(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等d)用“be介词短语”代终止性动词1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to2.用be in the army 代替join the army3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up；7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep；10. have finished/ended/completed have been over；11. have married have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold；18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier注意： 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I havent seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.6.现在完成时的完成用法现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。)现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet, before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning month year.，today等)连用。例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？7.现在完成时的未完成用法现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从19