大学英语词汇星火式巧记速记(16级)word文件格式.doc

英语星火式巧记速记系列新大纲大学英语词汇星火式巧记速记 （16 级）马德高卢福林主编无绪制作世界图书出版公司西安. 北京. 广州. 上海=acquaintance 认识，了解Make the acquaintance of sib.与某人结识。Make sbs acquaintanceHave a nodding acquaintance with sb.与某人有点头之交。vt 使了解，使认识，介绍acquaint 搭配有二：1.用反身代词oneself 2.用被动形式。Ive acquainted myself with their customs.Ive been acquainted with their customs.Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于空谈。注：act 与action 常可替换，act 不过常指具体的动作，action 而却常指抽象的行为。act 与action 在与下类似的短语中不能换用。in the act of stealing 在偷窃时take action 采取行动。advantageous 有利的。Nothing venture, nothing gain.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。记住：生命危险或经济风险大时就用venture; 想使人心振奋，寻求刺激性的冒险就用phecy 预言civilization 多指物质文明；culture 多指精神文明。agree with 持有相同的意见agree to 愿意接受某事或允许某事发生。acre 英亩：the building stands in twelve acres of ground. 该建筑物占地12 英亩。agronomy n.农学astronomy n.天文学aultivate 培养，陶治，耕种，种植，栽培Ones land 耕种田地aultivate roses 栽培玫瑰Ones mind 修身养性。airfield 多用来指军用机场；Airport 多用来指民用机场飞机种种：jet 喷气式飞机glider 滑翔机bomber 轰炸机helicopter 直升机scout 侦察机fighter 战斗机aerial 空中的，架空的n.天线allow for 体谅you should allow for his youth. 你应当体谅他还年轻。Make allowance for 考虑到，顾及2.体谅，原谅allow foralter vt.改变，变更Change Vary辨异:Change 可以指任何烟囱化，常用来指根本的或完全的变化。Alter 只意味着局部的或表面的变化，而没有变成另一事物。Vary 尤指不断的变化change continually, 由于变化而产生一系列差别。I have to alter my design. 我不得不修改我的设计。I have to change my design.我不得不改变我的设计。My design cannot vary with the funds.我的设计不能因经费问题而改来改去。对foreign 而言，alien 专指法律上的“外国的，外国国籍的”be alien to 与不相容，与性质不同。alienate vt. 使疏远，离间2.转让，让渡（财产等）ambassador 大使Embassy n.大使馆with mingled feelings 百感交集Mingle 与mix/blend 的不同就在于：多种事物后，各事物仍然保持其个性，而且可以区分或辨别出来。各种东西mix/blend 后，就不可区分。故水与油不相mix,但可以mingle.Ample 充足有余adequate 刚够enough/sufficient 足够辨异:amplify 特指音量或电流的增大:his voice was amplified by means of an amplifie r 他的声音通过扩音器扩大了expand 指范围、体积的扩大、膨胀、扩张:iron expands when it is heated。加热后铁会膨胀extend 指在一个方向上的延伸、加长:extend a railway.将铁路延长enlarge 指尺寸或空间的扩大:enlarge a photograph 放大照片。electrolyze v.电解paralyzed 使瘫痪，使麻痹be paralyze d with terror 吓瘫了paralyze the enemys fighting will 瓦解敌人的斗志。expect 是怀着确信之心来期待；anticipate 是怀着喜悦或痛苦之心来预想，后接动名词。1. Anti 加在辅音开头的单词前: Actic 北极的Antarctic 南极的。2. 在元音开头的单词前拼做ant- : Clockwise 顺时针方向的anticlockwise 逆时针方向acute angle 锐角right angle 直角obtuse angle 钝角rectangle rect=right 垂直n. 矩形，长方形。Triangle tri=three 三n.三角，三角形。ankle 脚踝sprain ones ankle 扭伤脚踝wrist 手腕anger v.n.发怒angry a.fury n. 狂怒furious a.rage n.暴怒enrage v.irritaed 急燥的indignant 义愤的sullen 愠怒的cross 易怒的appearance 1. n. 出现，露面：make an appearance 出面，出场2. 外观，外貌：judge by appearances 从外表上判断augment vt.扩大,增加,提高inaugurate vt. 1.为举行就职典礼2.为举行开幕式,为举行落成仪式3.开始,开展inaugurate anundertaking 创业inaugurate a president 举行总统就职典礼He was inaugurated as president.他正式就任了总统authority n.1.权威者,当权者2.权威,权力3 (pl.)当局,官方:the authorities concerned 有关当局表示在方面的权威用an authority on;表示对人的凌驾时用authority over.authorize vt.授权,批准authenticate v.鉴定,认证.autobiography auto=self+bio=life+graphy=writing自传biology n.生物学bio=lifeavenge vt. 为报仇,报之仇:he avenged his fathers murder. 他报了杀父之仇.revenge n.报复,报仇vt.为报仇,报之仇.译:我们要向敌人报仇.误:we will avenge/revenge the enemy.正:we will avenge/revenge ourselves on the enemy.正:we will take our revenge on the enemy.注:向报仇用avenge/revenge oneself on或take ones revenge onavenge the enemy 意思是为敌人报仇.注意avenge/revenge 本身已内含为.的意义,因而不需要再加多余的for辨异:avenge 指替他人报仇,revenge yourself 或take revenge 指为自己报仇.avoid vt. 避免,避开辨异: avoid 原义是使扑空,所以指在之前有意避开;escape 原意是out of being caught,指从中逃脱,逃离,以免受影响.一言辨异:you may avoid all known sources of contagion, yet not easily escape infection.人们可以避开所有已知的接触传染病源,却难以摆脱非接触传染.devoid a.空无的,缺乏的be void/devoid of common sense 缺乏常识background n.背景:a dress with red spots on a white background 红点白底连衣裙/against the backgroundof 在的映衬下.sack n.麻袋辨异:a sack of rice 一袋大米;pocket 衣服上的口袋bag n.提包,袋子ballot ball 原义:投票用的小纸球+ot=et 表示小n.选票,投票数2.投票权v.投票bullet bull(ball 的变体)+et 表示小,小球 n.子弹(古时候的子弹就是沙粒状的小球)batch n.1.一炉:she baked a batch of bread.2.一批,一组,一群:batch production 批量生产bake vt.烤,烘(面包)辨异:bake 用烤炉间接地烘烤;broil/grill 直接用火烤;roast 烤(肉).归类记忆用法1.球类前不用冠词; 2.击、投、传、接球的英语是hitpitchpasscatch the ballbar vt.阻止,阻拦:to bar sb. from doingparallel bars 双杠the bar 律师业go to the bar 当律师be called to the bar 指得到律师资格barrel n.桶,筒辨异: barrel 原本就是用bar 制成的桶,故与一般的水桶bucket 和鼓子桶drum 不同.barrister n.英(大)律师solicitor n.英(初级)律师辨异:a barrister is a lawyer who has the right of speaking in the higher courts of law; a solicitor is a lawyerwho gives advice, speaks in the lower courts of law, an d prepare cases for a barrister to argue in a highercourt.辨异:basement 常作厨房、食堂之用cellar 贮藏食物、燃料之用bath n.1.洗澡,浴2.浴缸v.给洗澡bathe vt 给洗澡堂vi.洗澡,游泳.辨异:you bath to get clean：he baths every morning。/to bath a baby。you bathe something to make it clean in a medical way： to bathe a wound/bathe ones eyes. bathe is alsothe word for swimming.born in 侧重出生的地点或时间born of 重点在出身上of 表示来自born into 重点在出生的环境上bear oneself 持身,举止have a bearing on 与有关.敲打的固定搭配敲锣要用:strike打鼓要用beat敲门要用knock钟敲几点要用strike.batter vt,连续猛攻击,炮击,打烂.debate v.辩论,争论:hold a debate on 举行一次对问题的辩论debate 与discuss 不同,也有debate on 这种vi.用法:they debated bitterly o this problem.she was a beauty in her day.她年轻时是个美人儿.beautiful is a much stronger word to describe a persons appearance than pretty, handsome an d goodlooking.2.beautiful an d pretty can be used of women, children an d things , but not used of men: abeautiful girl/house, a pretty child/picture. handsome is usually used of men ,but a handsome woman isgood-looking in a strong, healthy way. good-looking can be used of men and women, but not usually ofthing.abuse n.sn.z滥用,辱骂grease n.s油脂,润滑油n.z.抹油,润滑use n.s用处n.z使用house n.s房屋n.z.留宿记忆法: “名清动浊”-名词时发清辅音s;动词时发浊辅音sforward a,向前的,前进行.ad.向前vt.转交,转运:please forward!请转交!搭配:to forwardto 把转交或转寄给on end 接连地(用于表示时间的复数可数名词之后):three days on end 一连三天.means and ends 目的与手段:do you think that the end justifies the means?你认为为达到目的就可以不择手段吗?make believe 假装,装作:the boys made believe that they were astronauts.那些男孩装扮成了宇航员.believe in 信任,相信(的人格、价值、存在)：I believe in keeping early hours.我认为早睡早起好.I believe him.我相信他的话.I believe in him.我信任他.integrated circuit 集成电路.on circuit 在巡回中bite (蚊子跳蚤)叮; sting(蜂)螫辨异:bite ,gnaw,nip ,chew译:我听见一只老鼠在咬那箱子误: I heard a rat biting the box.正:I heard a rat gnawing at the box.注:bite 可以解释为“咬,咬住,咬下”例如:the boy was bitten by a dog in the street.那男孩在街上被一只狗咬了. “老鼠咬、啃、啮”在英语中多用gnaw. chew 是嚼碎肉等，nip 是(狗等)咬住.the bait hides the hook.提防笑里藏刀.a board of directors 1.(公司)董事会2.(团体)委员会.on board 用做复合介词,后面不能再用of.例如:on board a ship.在船上.on board a train.在火车上.border n.1. n.边.边缘:the border of a stream 溪畔2. n.边界,边境:the border of china an Burma 中缅边境3.3. v.(与)接壤,毗邻:both Canada and Mexico border on the united states.加拿大和墨西哥都同美国接壤.answer for 对负有责任：you must answer for her safetyblind a.1.瞎的,盲的:go blind 失明/be blind to 对视而不见2.盲目的:love is blind.爱情是盲目的.3.vt使失明,蒙蔽:he was blinded by dust.译:他左眼失明.误:his left eye is blind.正:he is blind in the left eye.注:汉语说“眼” 瞎;英语则说“人” blind.即blind 以为而不以眼作主语.blend v.(色或光等)融合,混合n.混合物,掺合物(其成分混合无法分辨)辨异: blend, mix 都有混合的意思:mix 侧重混合物或多或少保持原来的形状性能;blend 则侧重整体的统一体.mix 常意味着乱;blend 则意味着和谐.例如:she is mixing mustard and salt together.她正在把芥末和盐搅拌在一起.dont mix up his letters with mine. 别把他的信和我的混在一起.the sea and thesky seemed to blend.海天好象融为了一体了.the two colors blend well.两种颜色配得很好(很调和.)blunder blund 瞎,盲目+er(表示反复动作)vi 跌跌撞撞地走2.(因盲目击者或草率而)犯大错n. 大错搭配:commit a mistake/an error 犯错/ a blunder 犯大错disappear 是指“从人的视线中消失”，即看不见了，die away 是指“声音的消失”，即听不见了。fade 指渐渐地消失vanish 指突然化为乌有applyto 把.应用于apply the theory to practiceapply (to) for 向.申请，请求we apply to them for help.approach 1.n.接近，临近:at the approach of 随着。的临近2.n.入门，途径方式，方法the approach to the twon 进城的通道/an easy approach to maths学数学的窍门approximate to 近似，接近；a. 近似的，大约的。be armed to teeth 武装到牙齿to armwith 以（武器）装备，以。配备。brake vi 刹车，被刹住，vt。刹住，用闸使车放慢速度n.闸,制动器,刹车: apply(or put on)the brakealarm 表示向报警是vt,因而：译：拨119 向消防队报警误：dial 119 to alarm to the fire brigade.正：dial 119 to alarm the fire brigade.range in age from 21 to 70 年龄从21 岁到70 岁不等range over 论及，涉及。range 作范围讲时，与scope, limits 等不同，指连续的变动范围：a narrow range of prices 小幅的价格差距/the daily range of temperature 每天的温差。Range 作距离讲时与distance 等不同，指子弹等所及的最远距离，飞机等的最远航程：the gun has a range of six kilometers.该炮射程为6 公里。rank among 属于之列rank as 把看作articulate a.善于表达的，口齿清晰的vt 明确有力地表达：A good debater must articulate his ideaswell enough to convince others.优秀的辩论家必须善于明确有力地表达自己的观点，以便使别人信服。attach 1.系，贴，连接2.使成为一部分，使附属3.使依恋be attached to 附属于，依恋于detach vt. （from）拆卸，使分开，使分离。attention n.照料，治疗：the patient received attention of the hospital.attention n.注意，留心blow v.1.吹响：blow the trumpet 2.爆炸：the tire blew out。blast n. 一阵疾风等,一股气流:an icy blast rushed into the room.一股寒风吹进屋里2.爆炸:be killed orwounded by the blast 被炸死炸伤vt.(用炸药等)炸,炸掉(bow up):blast a rock 炸开岩石.短语:at a blast 一鼓作气地一言辨异:they had planned to blow up/blast the bridge but their bombs failed to explode.他们原本计划炸掉这座桥,但炸弹没有爆炸.blow up /blast 用来指人”炸毁楼房等物体,而explode 用于炸弹等爆炸,或使炸弹爆炸.辨异:book, order, subscribe 这三个动词都表示“预订”,其区别主要是动宾搭配不同.book 票、座、房间： I have booked a seat o a plane for Shanghai.order 货物、菜、衣：He ordered himself three suits.subscribe 书、报、杂志： He subscribed for /to some magazines.bury vt.埋葬2.掩埋，埋藏搭配: bury oneself in (doing)sth.专心致力于burial n.葬礼funeralbooklet n.小册子let 小:leaflet 小叶,传单;pamphlet 小册子.括弧种种(braces)大括弧(bracket)小括弧( ) round brackets angle braces square brackets bracesembrace 1.vt 包括,包含2.拥抱,搂抱3.包围,环绕n.拥抱,怀抱.bracket n.壁架,支架n.等级段,档次vt.把归入同一类.有左右两限界,因而bracket 又表示(年龄收入等的)上下两限界内的“等级段”、“档次”。如：the party ispopular with 18-25 bracket.brace n.托架,支架vt.支牢,架稳2.使(手足肩等)绷紧3.(面对困难)架稳(自身)使防备使受锻炼:braceyourself for a shock!辨异:bracket ,brace (支架)bracket 小括号,小支架:指油灯或书籍等的壁架,支架.brace 括号,大支架:指机械、建筑物等所用的托架,支架.衣帽架为rackbrand 打烙印于2.铭刻n 标记,商标,(商品的)牌子译:他买了一辆名牌汽车.误:he bought a very well-known brand of car.正:he bought a very well-known make of car.辨异:brand 和make 都表示“商标,牌子”,但brand 通常仅用于指肥皂,牙膏,黄油等小的或不贵重的事物,汽车,冰箱,计算机等的商标,牌子一般用make,试比较:what brand of toothpaste/soap do you use?what make of computer did you buy?注:此为词类转化“名清动浊”辨异:kind/sort 指一般的种类;type 类型;breed 尤指动植物的品种: a dog of mixed breed 杂种狗一言辨异:The man with broad forehead stared at the boy with wide eyes.wide 宽,形容洞穴式的东西,如眼睛、嘴等的宽大。broad 阔，形容人的肩、背、胸的宽阔。由此推而广之可知：wide 主要用于表示口径、缝隙、空间从一侧到另一侧的宽度；broad 常指物体的整个规则名-th 动-the类例bath n. 洗澡bathe v.洗澡,冲洗cloth n.布(料) clothe v.给穿衣tooth n. 牙teethe v. 出牙wreath n.花圈wreathe v.编圈,编环表面宽广。例如：a net wide at the mouth and narrow at the other end 一张口宽顶窄的网/there are broadpastures in the mountains 山里有广阔的牧场。broadcasting station 广播台/chain broadcast 联播/relay broadcast 转播辨异:recall与rememberI remember her face, but I cant recall where I met her.我记得她的面孔,但是想不起在哪儿见过她.recall, remember 都表示想起,但remember 表示自然而然地想起.recall 表示经过努力后才想起,因为recall 原义为唤call 回re 某种记忆.reconcile VT.使和好,使和解,使协调2.使顺从,使甘心:I cant reconcile myself to such a theory.我感觉无法接受这样的理论.辨异:canal, channel, drain, ditchcanal 与channel 的根本区别在于canal 为人工开凿,channel 为天然所成,如the English Channel; drain专指排水沟、污水管道；ditch 为沟，不一定用于排水，规模也不大。辨异:kindle v.点燃,照亮,燃烧light, kindle 和ignite 都译为点燃.light 主要指人们为了得到光、热等而点火。kindle 指花费一定的时间或力气把某可燃物点燃，使之逐渐燃烧起来。ignite 多指一点火星或火苗就使易燃物迅速燃烧起来。辨异:able 和capable 都有能够，有能力的意思，其主要区别如下：用做表语时： 1.在意义上，able只表示褒义， capable 则可表示如上褒贬两种意义。2.在搭配上able 仅能用于有生命的人或动物，而capable 还能用于无生命的事物。3。able 后接不定式，capable 后接of 加动名词。able 指暂时现象，而capable 可指经常或固有现象。如：she is not able to sing tonight。她今晚唱不了歌。he is incapableof manual labor。他不能从事手工劳动。4.用作定语时：capable 表示的能力没有ABLE 强。ABLE指精明能干的，capable 仅指一般能力的能干的人：he is an able man。他是个精明能干的人。he is acapable man。他是一位有才干的人。ability 仅能用于有生命的人或动物,capability, capacity 既可用于有生命的人或动物,也可用于无生命的事物,ability 后接不定式或介词in, for. capability 后接of 或for 加动名词. ability 表示人的各方面的能力或才能。capability 表示做事（尤以做较重要的事）的能力或才能，它的复数形式常会有“潜力”或“发展前途的意思”。The oil processing capability of the refinery is 2.5million tons.这座炼油厂的处理能力为250 万吨.he is a man of great capabilities.他是个大有作为的人.capacity n.1.容量,容积2.能力误: he has great ability of learning language.正: he has great capacity of leaning language.辨异:ability 指办事等实际应用上的才能.capacity 则指接受,理解上的能力.还可表示其他无生命脉事物的承受,容纳,装载能力.he may have grat capacity for acquiring knowledge,an d yet not possess ability to teach.他有获得知识的能力,但不具有教书的才能.capital n.大写(字母)a.首要的n.资本,资金Write them in capitals. 英文句子的头要大写.a passenger cabin 客舱escape v.逃脱,逃避;避开,避免:have a narrow escape from幸免于辨异:escape doing一言辨异:escape, fleethe enemy soldiers were fleeing in all directions, but few of them could escape.敌兵四处逃窜,但很少能逃出去.One drives a car or taxi, and the passengers ride in it. 用drive 表示开车,用ride 表示乘客搭车.an aircraft carrier 航空母舰a carrier rocket 运载火箭chariot n.战车,兵车carriage 四轮马车cart 马车,大车,手推车van caravan 的简体有蓬载重汽车,运货车in charge of 负责,主管(主动意义); in the charge of 受管理,照管(被动意义)charge, accuse译:他们控告吉姆犯杀人罪.they accused Jim of murder.they charged Jim with murder.they charged that Jim had committed murder.inditechattel n.动产discard vt.打出(纸牌)2.抛弃,丢弃.charter n.1.宪章2.契约,法令vt.(凭契约)包,租(飞机,车,船等)辨异:to lease means the same as to rent(a house).租房用lease 和rent 都可以.one charters a bus, ship, oraircraft.我们charter 包租汽车,船或飞机:to charter a ship 包租船/to travel in a chartered aircraft 乘包机旅行.cure vt.1.3 治愈,治好2.矫正,改正n.治愈,疗法2.良药搭配to cure somebody of the cold but a cure for the cold辨异:cure, treat治疗treat 不一定治愈curecure sb. of a disease 治愈某人的病treat sb. for a disease 治疗某人的病.secure a.安全的.可靠的:a secure life 无忧无虑的生活2.放心的: feel secure about 对感到放心v.1费了一番苦心才得到,获得:he has secured a good seat.他已弄到一个好座位.2.使安全,保卫:the citywas secured with walls.那城市际交通以城墙为防卫.3.缚牢:did you secure the door?你把门锁好了吗?chary a.小心的,谨慎的charity n.常pl.慈善团体,慈善事业2.慈悲,慈善3.救济金,施舍物casualty n.伤亡人员,死伤者2.受害人,损失的东西;casualty insurance 灾害保险辨异:the injured 指事故中的受伤者;the wounded 指战争中的伤员;casualties 指伤者或伤亡人员,无论事故,战争或自然灾害都适用.辨异:occasion 时机, 机会,含有原因的意思,如:i sometimes have occasion to visit Birmingham onbusiness. opportunity 良机,机会,指某一特定时机,有利于做某事以实现某种抱负与愿望等; chance 机会,运气, 指无法解释的天意或命运所安排的时机,强调偶然性.precaution n.预防,防备,警惕:taking exercises is a precaution against a cold.锻炼身体以防感冒.搭配: take precautions against 预防.excavate v.开凿,挖掘,发掘(古物等)conceal vt.隐藏,隐瞒译:他设法对我隐瞒事实真相.误: he tried to conceal the truth to me.正: he tried to conceal the truth from me.注:表示对某人隐瞒某事用hide/conceal sth. from sb.辨异:hide, conceal 都表示隐藏: hide 作为及物动词,常可和conceal 通用,但hide 用途较广,可指偶然的隐藏,不一定有故意的含义.conceal 常指有目的地,非常巧妙的掩藏或隐瞒.表示数量的前缀concentrate vt.1.集中,2.聚集3.浓缩:the orange juice is concentrated.这橙汁很浓.death is a certainty.死是免不了的事.一言辨异:one may have a character, but may have many characteristics, all of which constitute ones character.一个人可能只有一种性格,但可能有多种特征、特点characteristic ，所以这些特征、特点便构成了一个人总的特征、特点、品质character。charm vt 使处于魔法支配之下1.使着魔，迷人n.魅力，迷人的特性2.使受魔法的保护n.符咒,随身dec=10 cent=100 lilo=1000deci=1/10 centi=1/100 milli=1/1000decade 十年century 百年kilogram 千克decimeter 分米centimeter 厘米millimeter 毫米护符:it seemed as if he had a charmed life, and his enemy couldnt harm him.他的生命似乎得到了神佑,敌人无法伤害他.change sth. into 将变成change sth. for 以换exchange n.v.交换,调换: in exchange for 以交换n.交换台,交易所:the shanghai stock exchange 上海证券交易所.exchange rate 汇率译:在什么地方我可以把美元换成人民币?误:Where can I exchange my dollars with Renminbi?正:Where can I exchange my dollars for Reminbi?注:表示以换取应接说exchangefor.表示和某人换才用exchange with sb.Ill exchange my apple for your orange.I wouldnt exchange places with him for anything.childish a.1.孩子的2.孩子气的,幼稚的:a childish idea 幼稚的想法childlike a.孩子般的,天真的:childlike innocence 天真烂漫.规则:以ish 结尾者常含贬义,以-like 结尾者常含褒义.chop wood 砍柴chop meat 剁肉n.排骨,肉块.Before Christ 公元前B.C.公元前Anno Domini 公元A.D.公元注意:B.C.写于年代之后:500B.C(.公元前500 年)A.D.写于年代之前:A.D.500(公元500 元)美式英语B.C.也可写在年代之前.civil servants 文职人员reclaim re 回归+claim 要求;要求归还 vt.1.要回,回收2.开垦(荒地);reclaim the desert 开垦沙漠reclaim land from the sea 填河造田exclaim v.呼喊,惊叫,大声说:exclaim against injustice 鸣不平辨异:exclaim 为表现强烈感情而叫;yell 为因某种原因或为引起注意而大叫;scream, shriek 为因恐怖,痛苦等原因而尖叫.an exclamation mark 惊叹号.proclaim vt.宣告,宣布,声明:proclaim war 宣战/proclaim a law 宣布法律辨异:announce, declare, proclaim 宣布,宣告:proclaim 的主语只能是权力机关或政府领导;announce 和declare 则可以用普通个人作主语.mate n.1.伙伴,同事2.配偶;choose ones mate 择偶v.使成配偶,交配:birds mate in spring.鸟在春季交配.polish 擦亮皮鞋scrub 擦除墙上涂鸦wipe 擦拭桌面clearance n.清除,清理2.批准,许可.clarify vt.澄清,阐明:clarify the water 澄清水/clarify the meaning 弄清意思.辨异:Clasp means “to take and /or hold firmly inside your hand or arms”: the little girl was clasping a large doll.Grasp means “to catch onto and hold firmly especially with your hands”: I was able to save myself bygrasping a rope.Grip means “to take and keep a very tight hold of something, especially with your fingers”: the frightenedchild gripped his mothers hand.oclock ad.点钟(of the clock 之略)译:到晚上7 点钟孩子已经找到了.误:By seven oclock p.m. the child had been found.正:By seven p.m. the child had been found.正:By seven oclock in the evening the child had been found.注:oclock(点钟)不能和p.m.(下午;晚上)或a.m.(上午)一起使用.误句中oclock 应去掉,或者把p.m.改成in the evening.enclose vt.1.(用篱笆等)围起,圈起:enclose a garden with a wall 用墙围住花园2.(随函)封入,附寄:Iherewith enclose a check for $100.兹随函附上100 美元支票一张.inclusive a.包括的,包含的1.包括一切费用在内的:inclusive terms at a hotel 旅馆包括各种费用的价目2.首末日或页码等包括在内的:from Monday to Friday inclusive 从星期一到星期五(包括星期五在内)exclude ex-在外+clud 关闭;把关闭在外 vt.把排除在外,排斥: exclude immigrants from a country拒绝移民入境exclusive a.排外的,排斥的确良1.奢华的,高级的:one of Londons exclusive hotels2.独有的,独享的:thebathroom is presidents exclusive use.3.新闻报刊文章独家的:the exclusive news.搭配:exclusive of 不计在内exclusive to 为所独享,独有exclusively ad.专门地,排他地:be made by the factory exclusively 由该厂独家生产.conclude v.结束,完结比close 正式2.缔结,议定:conclude peace 缔结和约3.作出结论,推论出.conclude a meeting=c