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测绘工程专业英语 测绘工程专业

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测绘工程专业英语,测绘工程专业英语,测绘工程专业

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Section 13 National Spatial Data Infrastructure in China BACKGROUND The social demands to geo-spatial data in the present age have been rapidly increased. A large scale of digital spatial data is urgently required for supporting the planning, monitoring, management and decision making, especially in solving key problems concerned by a nation or whole world such as land resources, environment, natural disaster and human life. Modern Surveying and Mapping has been recognized as a basic tool for realizing the 21century sustainable development of the world. The high and new technologies in the present age have been rapidly developed and popularized. Techniques of Remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Digital Data Communication (DDC) have supplied new productive force for the acquisition, procession, analysis, management and dissemination of geo-spatial data and promoted National surveying and mapping technical system in China to transform rapidly from traditional to modern and digital One. Central government of China has paid great attention to the development of information technologies and the application of information resources. Several national information engineering, such as Golden Brig Engineering referring a common information communication network, have been in construction in order to strengthen the information infrastructure. It is pointed out in the China Agenda 21; speed up the construction of the National Fundamental Geographic Information System (NFGIS) which occupies key position in Chinas National Spatial Data Infrastructure (CNSDI).PLANNING MODEL OF NSDI IN CHINA Institutional framework (1) National spatial data and geographic information coordination committee. The National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping should be a key member of the high level coordination committee and possibly stands for the executive office of the committee. (2) Key organizations for acquisition, processing, providing and revising of national spatial data as well as digital fundamental geographic information. Digital productive bases of national surveying and mapping are the major part in the key organization group.(3) Special units for standardization, management of geographic information. The Chinese Secretariat of ISO/TC211, which is situated in the National Geomatics Center under NBSM, is one of the special unite. Fundamental datasets (1) Geodetic network data with different order (2) Digital topographic data with different grade of map scale and accuracy (3) Land coverage data with important themes(4) Major spatially referenced physic, social and economic information Administrative regulations and technical standards Clearinghouse networking (1) Technical entities of key database and related information system (2) Key information centers in-charging of maintaining, managing and revising of databases and related information systems, and disseminating data and information to the outside bodies.(3) Infrastructure for Digital data communication networking. NATIONAL FUNDAMENTAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM NETWORKBasic databases of NFGIS (1) Geodetic Databaseastron-geodetic triangulation, leveling, GPS; (2) Topographic Databaseboundaries, water system, transportation lines, contours, residential areas, vegetation; (3) Geographic Name Databasedomestic, international; (4) Digital elevation model (DEM) (5) Digital Imagery Databaseaero-space remotely sensed images, orthomaps; (6) Gravimetric Databasebasic and first order network, field model; (7) Cadastral Surveying Databaseboundary points data, maps;(8) Other specific databases; Vertically graded networking within the national S&M systemData sharing networking between FGIS and other user systems (1) two points with one line model for linking one Objective system from FGIS; (2) parallelogram model for linking two grades of “two points with one line model” systems; (3) radial parallelograms model for linking two grades and more objective systems from FGIS;(4) data communication networking telephone-net, DDN, chinanet, Inter- net, etc REVISION OF NATIONAL FUNDAMENTAL SPATIAL DATA AND THE APPLICATION OF DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Establish the mechanism for regular revision of national fundamental geographic information (1) Incorporate the revision of national fundamental spatial data into the State Plan of Economic and Social Development. (coming into effect from 1997) (2) Establish two levels of investment system separately supported by the central government and the provincial one for the revision engineering. (3) Set up national fundamental aerial photography and satellite remote sensing engineering including establishment of a movable ground receiving station. (4) Carry out digital engineering of fundamental data acquisition and relating database construction . databases map scales grades of geodesic net national 1 50000,250000,1M; 1st 2nd order; provincial I (25000), 10000,50000; 3rd, 4th order;city I , (5000),2000,500; off orderApplications of fundamental geographic information (1) National Comprehensive Situation Information System jointly established by NBSM and The State Council. (2) Topographic Database of International Boundary areas jointly established by NBSM and The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (3) Information System for Preventing and Monitoring of flooding jointly established by NBSM and The Ministry of Water Conservancy. (4) Census Information System jointly established by NBSM and National Statistic Bureau.(5) Cultivated Land Investigation Information System jointly established by NBSM and The State Land Administration.PROMOTING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHARINGAssign authorities to the national coordination committee (1) formulates regulations and policies for geographic information sharing; (2) takes the role of coordination and supervision in carrying out related regulations and policies;(3) leads implementation of key geographic information engineering based on the principles stipulated by the regulations and policies; Necessary contents should be dealt with by the information sharing regulations (1) to define the rights as well as duties of related departments or organs for maintaining, providing and accessing geospatial data sets; (2) to make up principles for identifying the property right of geosatial data and related information; (3) to establish mechanisms for getting investment and cost compensation for fun- damental data acquisition and providing;(4) to make up policies for release of classified data and information; Unifying technical stafidards (1) Chinese Secretariat of ISO/TC211 (2) National Standardization Commission on Spatial Data and Geographic Information; (3) work out norms and