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Section 12 Land Information in the Federal Republic of Germany: State-of-the-ArtABSTRACT: In Germany, all official land information is registered ill the real estate cadastre and the legal land property register. The real estate cadastre consists of documents in text and graphic form. All land information, kept on paper in the past, is presently being transformed into digital databases. This paper describes the progress of this work in the different fields of land information, providing details about some of the problems involved, such as the choice of an appropriate data model and the specification of a feasible spatial data exchange standard. The paper analyzes the solutions presently being applied and emerging future developments.Land Information Systems in GermanyAn Overview BackgroundThe Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) consists of 16 states. Every state is responsible for its own land information system. The states systems are coordinated by the Working Committee of the Surveying Authorities (AdV) of the States of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Real Estate Cadastre The real estate cadastre describes the real estate (parcels and buildings) located within the boundaries of a state and presents them in graphic form. The cadastre is the official register of land in Germany, according to the land register regulations (AdV 1998). Following an agreement reached through intensive negotiations among all the German states, the cadastre consists of two parts: l The land tax register (textual part); l The cadastral map (graphic part). The Land Tax Register l The land tax register contains data on: l Individual parcels, e.g., code of lot number, area, and place name; l Soil evaluation results; l Land uses;l Legal restrictions in areas with nature reserves and power lines;l The owners or other entitled persons; andl Further parcel-related data.The land tax register is maintained by the states in digital form, predominantly by means of the automated cadastral inventory (ALB). The data structure and contents have been harmonized, but remaining differences in state regulations have to be analyzed carefully before using any digital data from the land tax register. Presently, data access is restricted to owners, authorities, and other parties with a legitimate reason. Data can be ordered as digital or analog extracts from the surveying and cadastral administrations of the state concerned. The Cadastral Map The cadastral map contains graphical representations of: l Individual parcels with their boundaries; l Buildings; l Land-use classes with their boundaries; andl Topographical features and soil classifications (in some states only).At the time of writing this article, the contents of the original analog map system were being transferred into an automated legal parcel map system (ALK), and the expectation was that analog cadastral maps would gradually be replaced by digital ones. Nation-wide standards have been developed with regard to the structure and contents of the data but, as with the land tax register, their implementation has differed considerably from state to state and sometimes even between cadastral offices within one state. As with the land tax register, data access is restricted to owners, authorities, and other parties with a legitimate reason. Extracts are available as paper maps or on microfilm. Digital extracts (if available) are feature structured using a standardized interface. The cadastral map is maintained by the same state surveying and cadastral authorities as is the land tax register.The real estate cadastre, which contains substantial information about all land parcels, is one of the most important sources of land information in Germany. It is the only official collection of data covering tile complete land surface of the country. The Gauss-Krueger coordinate system is used as a common reference frame. Updating procedures are well defined, as this cadastre has been in use well over one hundred years.The Legal Land Property RegisterThe legal land property register is the other base of official land information in the states of the Federal Republic of Germany. Although kept separately, the land property register is closely related to the real estate Cadastre. The land property register is the legal proof of ownership for any land parcel. As far as the exact geographic location and the shape of that land parcel is concerned, the register refers to the real estate cadastre.The land property register holds all the land owners rifles. There is a permanent legal guarantee that users may, at any time, trust in the correctness of the land property register. Each record sheet of the register consists of:l The textual description of the real property, consisting of location, land Use, area size, and a unique reference number from the real estate cadastre;l Name(s), date(s) of birth, place(s) of residence of the owner(s), percentage of ownership in case of several owners;l Restrictions on the property, such as the existing rights of other persons concerning the property, e.g., the right of a public utility to cross the property with a high-voltage cable; andl Registration of mortgages.Automated Cadastral InventoryLand tax register data are stored in the automated cadastral inventory (ALB). This database holds the official land information records concerning the owner(s) of a parcel, land use, parcel area, and sometimes even coordinates of a label point within its area, and the mailing address, to name the most important items. The land tax register contains digital land information records for all land parcels of the whole state. These records are kept exclusively in numerical form, i.e., neither graphical data nor direct geo-referencing for boundary points are included. However, Gauss-Krueger coordinates for one label point within each parcel are stored in many cases. These coordinates may be used for indirect referencing purposes as well. The digital land tax register database was completed in most states about 10 years ago.From a technical point of view, the automated cadastral inventory is organized as a file system consisting of five application files which are mutually connected with pointers (see Figure 3). The land tax register can be queried starting from different entries, e.g., the unique parcel identifier, the mailing address, file name of the owner(s).The Link to Statistical Information SystemsThe eight-digit municipality identifier key reflects the administrative make-up of the Federal Republic of Germany. The identifier consists of the state code (07, for instance, is the code for the state of Rhineland-Palatinate), the district code, and the metropolitan or the rural area district code. This nation-wide accepted identifier key links the official. real estate data with the official statistical data of Germany. It also complies with the statistical classification of the European Community at the NUTS 1, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levelsThe Parcel Identifier KeyThe parcel identifier is a uniquely defined, nationally used, numeric cadastral key and is thus well suited for database queries. The key serves as a connection to other information systems with area-related data, like parcel values, for instance. The third and the fourth keys of the file system, the land register identifier key and the record identifier key, are more or less for internal use only. They establish the link between the owner and the parcel. This link is needed to explicitly connect the cadastral real estate data held by the cadastral offices with the land register data held by the local courts.Managing the Land Tax Register DatabaseThe management of the land tax register database is illustrated by using, as an e