【高血压精品英文课件】hypertension

Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Hypertension,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Aetiology of Hypertension,Primary 90-95% of cases also termed “essential” of “idiopathic” Secondary about 5% of cases Renal or renovascular disease Endocrine disease Phaeochomocytoma Cusings syndrome Conns syndrome Acromegaly and hypothyroidism Coarctation of the aorta Iatrogenic Hormonal / oral contraceptive NSAIDs,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,This left ventricle is very thickened (slightly over 2 cm in thickness), but the rest of the heart is not greatly enlarged. This is typical for hypertensive heart disease. The hypertension creates a greater pressure load on the heart to induce the hypertrophy.,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,The left ventricle is markedly thickened in this patient with severe hypertension that was untreated for many years. The myocardial fibers have undergone hypertrophy.,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,H O T,Hypertension Optimal Treatment Largest intervention trial in hypertension. Published in 1998 Conducted in General Practice. 18,790 patients in 26 countries Followed up for an average of 3.8 years,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,H O T Findings,Lowest incidence of major CV events occurred at a mean achieved DBP of 83 mmhg. This target (compared to mean achieved of 105 mmHg was associated with a 30% reduction in main CV events. In diabetes Diastolic or = 80mmhg 51 % lower risk compared to 90 mmHg,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Hypertension and Diabetes,Hypertension co-exists with type II in about 40% at age 45 rising to 60% at age 75. 70% of type II patients die from cardio-vascular disease. At least 60% of patients will require 2 or 3 antihypertensive agents to achieve tight control.,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Stages,Identification of hypertensive patients Baseline investigations Initiating therapy Reviewing patients Stepping up therapy Motivation and compliance,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Investigation of the New Hypertensive,History and examination Exclude secondary Hypertension Urea and electrolytes FBP and ESR ECG Lipid profile Chest x-ray no longer routinely indicated,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Clinical clues to renal vascular disease,Hypertension under 50 Yrs of age. Generalised vascular (esp peripheral) disease. Mild moderate renal dysfunction. Sudden onset pulmonary oedema.,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Ladder Approach,Bendrofluazide Bendrofluazide + Atenolol or ACE Calcium Channel blocker Alpha blocker,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Tailored Approach,Assessment of overall cardiovascular risk Recognition of co-morbidities Lipid profile Renal function Existing contra- indications,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Coronary Risk Calculator,Launch risk calculator program,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Compelling and possible indications and contrindications for the major classes of antihypertensive drugs INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS,* ACE inhibitors may be beneficial in chronic renal failure but should be used with caution. Close supervision and specialist advice are needed when there is established and significant renal impairment Caution with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists in peripheral vascular disease because of association with renovascular disease. If ACE inhibitor indicated f b-blockers may worsen heart failure, but in specialist hands may be used to treat heart failure British Hypertension Society Guidelines 2000,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Therapeutic targets,Therapeutic targets *,Measured in clinic Mean daytime ABPM or home measurement,Blood Pressure No diabetes Diabetes No diabetes Diabetes Optimal 140/85 140/80 130/80 130/75 Audit Standard 150/90 140/85 140/85 140/80,The audit standard reflects the minimum recommended levels of BP control. Despite best practice, it may not be achievable in some treated hypertensive patients. NB: Both systolic and diastolic targets should be reached British Hypertension Society Guidelines,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Logical Combinations,* Verapamil + beta-blocker = absolute contra-indication,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,ACE Inhibitor Side Effects,Cough (15% of patients. Is reversible) Taste disturbance (reversible) Angiodema First-dose hypotension Hyperkalaemia ( esp. in patients with type II diabetes and renal dysfunction),Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Follow-up,For patients with BP stabilised by management, follow up should normally be three monthly (interval should not exceed 6 months), at which the following should be assessed by a trained nurse: * Measurement of BP and weight * Reinforcement of non-pharmacological advice * General health and drug side-effects * Test urine for proteinuria (annually),Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Web based references,British Hypertension Society: http:/www.hyp.ac.uk/bhs/ Summary Guidelines 2000: http:/www.hyp.ac.uk/bhs/gl2000.htm Hypertension audit protocol from Leicester http:/www.le.ac.uk/genpractice/gpaudit/htnprot.html,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Drug Treatment of Essential Hypertension in Older People,Hypertension is very common, occuring in over 50% of older people, and is a major risk factor for stroke and ischaemic heart disease. Drug treatment of hypertension in older people saves lives and prevents unnecessary morbidity. Treating isolated systolic hypertension also saves lives.,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,Drug Treatment of Essential Hypertension in Older People,There is strong evidence to support the use of diuretics as first-line agents. Antihypertensive treatments are most cost-effective when targeted at older patients. There is evidence of under detection and under treatment of hypertension. Factors influencing patient adherence with treatment are not well understood and require further research.,Kieran McGlade Nov 2001,Department of General Practice QUB,RECOMMENDATIONS (for the treatment of the elderly) Through the wider use of antihypertensive therapies more older people would be able to maintain a healthy and active lifestyle. Through the wider use of antihypertensive therapies more older people would be able to maintain a healthy and active lifestyle. For first-line agents there is strong evidence to support t