【JX16-52】 联合作业机械切碎还田装置的设计（二维+三维+论文）
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JX16-52
【JX16-52】 联合作业机械切碎还田装置的设计二维+三维+论文
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【JX16-52】 联合作业机械切碎还田装置的设计（二维+三维+论文）,JX16-52,【JX16-52】 联合作业机械切碎还田装置的设计二维+三维+论文
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译文原文TractorA tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe the distinctive farm vehicle: agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised. Another common use of the term is for the power unit of a semi-trailer truck.The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of trahere to pull. 1,2. The first recorded use of the word meaning an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughs occurred in 1901, displacing the earlier term traction engine (1859).3The first tractors were steam-powered ploughing engines. They were used in pairs either side of a field to haul a plough back and forth between them using a wire cable.National variationsIn Britain, Ireland, Australia, India, Spain, Argentina and Germany the word tractor usually means farm tractor, and the use of the word tractor to mean other types of vehicles is familiar to the vehicle trade but unfamiliar to much of the general public. In Canada and the US the word may also refer to the road tractor portion of a tractor trailer truckHistoryThe first powered farm implements in the early 1800s were portable engines steam engines on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machinery by way of a flexible belt. Around 1850, the first traction engines were developed from these, and were widely adopted for agricultural use. Where soil conditions permitted, like the US, steam tractors were used to direct-haul ploughs, but in the UK and elsewhere, ploughing engines were used for cable-hauled ploughing instead. Steam-powered agricultural engines remained in use well into the 20th century, until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed.4In 1892, John Froelich built the first practical gasoline-powered tractor in Clayton County, Iowa. Only two were sold, and it was not until 1911, when the Twin City Traction Engine Company developed the design, that it became successful.In Britain, the first recorded tractor sale was the oil-burning Hornsby-Ackroyd Patent Safety Oil Traction engine, in 1897. However, the first commercially successful design was Dan Albones three-wheel Ivel tractor of 1902. In 1908, the Saunderson Tractor and Implement Co. of Bedford introduced a four-wheel design, and went on to become the largest tractor manufacturer outside the USA at that time.While unpopular at first, these gasoline-powered machines began to catch on in the 1910s when they became smaller and more affordable. Henry Ford introduced the Fordson, the first mass-produced tractor in 1917. They were built in the U.S., Ireland, England and Russia and by 1923, Fordson had 77% of the U.S. market. The Fordson dispensed with a frame, using the strength of the engine block to hold the machine together. By the 1920s, tractors with a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine had become the norm.The classic farm tractor is a simple open vehicle, with two very large driving wheels on an axle below and slightly behind a single seat (the seat and steering wheel consequently are in the center), and the engine in front of the driver, with two steerable wheels below the engine compartment. This basic design has remained unchanged for a number of years, but enclosed cabs are fitted on almost all modern models, for reasons of operator safety and comfort.Originally, plows and other equipment were connected via a drawbar, or a proprietary connecting system; prior to Harry Ferguson patenting the three-point hitch. Recently, Bobcats patent on its front loader connection has expired; and compact tractors are now being outfitted with quick-connect attachments for their front-end loaders.Larger types of modern farm tractors include articulated four wheel or eight wheel drive units with one or two power units which are hinged in the middle and steered by hydraulic clutches or pumps. In the early 21st century, articulated or non-articulated, steerable multi-track tractors have largely supplanted the two-track clutch-steered Caterpiller type for farm use. These tractors bear little resemblance to the classic farm tractor design.A variety of specialty farm tractors have been developed for particular uses. These include row crop tractors with adjustable tread width to allow the tractor to pass down rows of corn, tomatoes or other crops without crushing the plants, wheatland or standard tractors with non-adjustable fixed wheels and a lower center of gravity for plowing and other heavy field work for broadcast crops, and high crop tractors with adjustable tread and increased ground clearance, often used in the cultivation of cotton and other high-growing row crop plant operations, and utility tractors, typically smaller tractors with a low center of gravity and short turning radius, used for general purposes around the farmstead. Many utility tractors are used for non-farm grading, landscape maintenance and excavation purposes, particularly with loaders, backhoes, pallet forks and similar devices. Small garden or lawn tractors designed for suburban and semi-rural gardening and landscape maintenance also exist in a variety of configurationsOperationModern tractors have many electrical switches and levers in the cab for controlling the multitude of different functions available on the tractor.PedalsModern farm tractors usually have five foot-pedals for the operator on the floor of the tractor.The pedal on the left is the clutch. The operator presses on this pedal to disengage the transmission for either shifting gears or stopping the tractor. Some modern tractors have (or as optional equipment) a button on the gear stick for controlling the clutch, in addition to the standard pedal.Two of the pedals on the right are the brakes. The left brake pedal stops the left rear wheel and the right brake pedal does the same with the right side. This independent left and right wheel braking augments the steering of the tractor when only the two rear wheels are driven. This is usually done when it is necessary to make a sharp turn. The split brake pedal is also used in mud or soft dirt to control a tire that spins due to loss of traction. The operator presses both pedals together to stop the tractor. For tractors with additional front-wheel drive, this operation often engages the 4-wheel locking differential to help stop the tractor when travelling at road speeds.A pedal just in front of the seat operates the rear differential lock (diff lock) which prevents wheelslip. The differential allows the outside wheel to travel faster than the inside one during a turn. However, in traction conditions on a soft surface the same mechanism could allow one wheel to slip, thus preventing traction to the other wheel. The diff lock overrides this, causing both wheels to supply equal traction. Care must be taken to unlock the differential, usually by hitting the pedal a second time, before turning, since the tractor cannot perform a turn with the diff lock engaged. In modern tractors this function is sometimes migrated from pedal to electrical switch.The pedal furthest to the right is the foot throttle. Unlike in automobiles, it can also be controlled from a hand-operated lever (hand throttle). This helps provide a constant speed in field work. It also helps provide continuous power for stationary tractors that are operating an implement by shaft or belt. The foot throttle gives the operator more automobile-like control over the speed of the tractor for road work. This is a feature of more recent tractors; older tractors often did not have this feature. In the UK it is mandatory to use the foot pedal to control engine speed while travelling on the road. Some tractors, especially those designed for row-crop work, have a de-accelerator pedal, which operates in the reverse fashion to an automobile throttle, in that the pedal is pushed down to slow the engine. This is to allow fine control over the speed of the tractor when manoeuvring at the end of crop rows in fields- the operating speed of the engine is set using the hand throttle, and if the operator wishes to slow the tractor to turn, he simply has to press the pedal, turn and release it once the turn is completed, rather than having to alter the setting of the hand throttle twice during the maneuver.Engineering tractorsThe durability and engine power of tractors made them very suitable for engineering tasks. Tractors can be fitted with engineering tools such as dozer blade, bucket, hoe, ripper, and so on. The most common attachments for the front of a tractor are dozer blade or a bucket. When attached with engineering tools the tractor is called an engineering vehicle.A bulldozer is a track-type tractor attached with blade in the front and a rope-winch behind. Bulldozers are very powerful tractors and have excellent ground-hold, as their main tasks are to push or drag things.Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which are capable of working in ways that the original bulldozer can not. One example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for scooping up earth, rock and similar loose material to load it into trucks.A front-loader or loader is a tractor with an engineering tool which consists of two hydraulic powered arms on either side of the front engine compartment and a tilting implement. This is usually a wide open box called a bucket but other common attachments are a pallet fork and a bale grappler.Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making the machine smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited. There are also tiny wheeled loaders, officially called Skid-steer loaders but nicknamed Bobcat after the original manufacturer, which are particularly suited for small excavation projects in confined areas.EPA tractorDuring World War II there was a shortage of tractors in Sweden and this led to the invention of a new type of tractor called the EPA tractor (EPA was a chain of discount stores and it was often used to signify something lacking in quality). An EPA tractor was simply an automobile, truck or lorry, with the passenger space cut off behind the front seats, equipped with two gearboxes in a row. When done to an older car with a ladder frame, the result was not dissimilar to a tractor and could be used as one.After the war it remained popular, now not as a farm vehicle, but as a way for young people without a drivers license to own something similar to a car. Since it was legally seen as a tractor it could be driven from 16 years of age and only required a tractor license. Eventually the legal loophole was closed and no new EPA tractors were allowed to be made, but the remaining were still legal, something that led to inflated prices and many protests from people that preferred EPA tractors to ordinary cars.In March 31, 1975 a similar type of vehicle was introduced, the A tractor from arbetstraktor (work tractor). The main difference is that an A tractor has a top speed of 30 km/h. This is usually done by fitting two gearboxes in a row and not using one of them. Volvo Duett was for a long time the primary choice for conversion to an EPA or A tractor, but, since supplies have dried up, other cars have been used, in most cases a Volvo.拖拉机拖拉机是一种专门设计的用于农业或建筑中的速度小，而拖拉动力大的机器。在绝大数情况下这个术语是在描述一个农用机构，农具或许拖拉在拖拉机的后面，或者安装在前面。拖拉机在农具工作中提供机械动力。拖拉机的另一个通用的功能是作为半拖拉卡车。拖拉机这个名字来源于拉丁文，意思就跟这个名字一样“拖拉”。出现在1901年，最早用记录的关于拖拉机的记录为：发动机或交通工具来牵引四轮货车或犁头，这种记录取代了早期的描述为牵引机车（1859）。最早的拖拉机是由蒸汽机牵引的耕地机器。它们用两根分布左右两边钢丝绳拉动犁头翻地。国家差异在英国，爱尔兰，澳大利亚，阿根廷，德国，西班牙拖拉机一般是指农用拖拉机。但是拖拉机的另一种被大众认可的功能：交通工具，却不被这些国家的大众知道。在加拿大和美国拖拉机还作为公路牵引机来拖拉那些重型货运卡车。历史最早的机械化耕作用具是在18世纪早期，那时是手提式发动机蒸汽机安装在车轮上可驱动机械农业作业灵活快捷。大约到1850年，第一个牵引机车由此诞生，并被广泛的应用于农业生产。在一些土壤条件允许的国家，比如美国，蒸汽拖拉机被直接应用于耕地，但是在英国和其他地方耕地要间接拖拉。蒸汽动力的农用机械一直应用到20世纪，直到性能良好的内燃机被研究出来。在1892年，约翰制造了第一个可以使用的用汽油做动力的拖拉机，在克莱顿县，美国的爱荷华州。没过多久，也就是还没到1911年，拖拉机动力牵引公司在双子城成立。这变得非常成功。在英国最早有记录的拖拉机买卖是关于石油燃烧安全的牵引机车,是在1897年。然而第一次商业成功设计是在丹，1902的三轮拖拉机设计。到1908年，磨砂拖拉机和工具制造商引进四轮设计方案，并且成为最大的拖拉机制造厂在那时的美国。然而那时拖拉机并不收欢迎，直到1910s它们变得小巧和实用后这些用汽油做动力的机器才被人们所欢迎。亨利福特创建了福特汽车厂，并大规模生产拖拉机在1917年。到1923年他们在美国，爱尔兰，俄罗斯相继建厂，福特公司占有了美国77%的市场。福特用通过结构框架用发动机组本身来保持机器装置一起。到1920s，拖拉机用内燃机做动力已成为标准。传统的农场拖拉机一般是一个敞开的交通工具，2个非常大的驱动轮在车轴上，上面一个单独的座椅，（座椅和方向盘在中间）发动机在机器的前面，在发动机隔箱下面是可以调到方向的轮子。这种基本的设计一直保留的好多年，但是被附加上的装置被使用在现代所有的机器上，为了保证安全和舒适。起初，犁头和其他机构是连接在牵引车的挂钩上或车辆的连接管路系统上：在此之前费格斯将钢丝韧化处理利用三点连接。到现在这种重载连接方式已被判死期。现在各零件齐全的拖拉机能够快速安装各附加部件通过快速连接在前端装货设备。现在的大型农场拖拉机一般都通过铰接四个或八个轮子，使用一个或两个动力单元安装在中间方向盘附近的离合器和油泵操控。在21世纪早期，连接在一起的不可分开的，易操作的多轨“拖拉机”，已经很大程度上两轨道拖拉机的使用在农场方面。这些拖拉机在设计方面会和传统拖拉机有相似处。各种各样专业的拖拉机，已经被开发出来用于特殊的用途。这些拖拉机包括“中耕作物”拖拉机通过可调节踏板的宽度来实现拖拉机能够成行的收割，播种作物，西红柿或其他的无法决定性的作物，在小麦地或标准地块拖拉机采用不可调整的固定的轮子，一个中间低下去的（由于地球引力）耕地工具，和其他的沉重的田间播种耕作，对于有点高度的作物拖拉机采用可调节的踏板和增加离地面距离，这些通常应用于棉花和其他高的中耕作物操作中，公共事业中用到的拖拉机代表着小型，重心低，小的拐弯半径，通常用于农场及建筑物周围的日常工作。许多拖拉机用于非农场耕作，风景区的维护，考古探究，特别是装货设备，反铲挖土机，擒纵铲和一些类似的设备。小型的花园或草坪拖拉机设计成城郊，半农业园艺，景区维护的用途的，也有大量的品种结构。操作现在的拖拉机有很多的电子和操纵杆，在驾驶室里，来控制不同的拖拉机功能踏板现在的拖拉机通常有5个脚踏板在其底板上，用于操控机器。左面的踏板时离合器，操作者通过踩下这个离合器分开传动装置，从而进行换挡或停下拖拉机。一些现在的拖拉机还有个（可选择的装置）有个按钮在变速杆上来操纵离合器，除了这个标准的离合器。其中的两个在右边是刹车。左边的那个刹车是停止左后轮，右面那个是停止右后轮的。这种独立的控制左右轮子制动的刹车，当后面两个轮子被制动时，能够增加拖拉机的转向功能。这个一般用于在需要紧急拐弯时。这种分开的刹车还可以用在泥水或软沙土路控制轮胎并降低动力损耗。驾驶员可以同时踩下两边的踏板刹住拖拉机。对于那些四轮驱动的拖拉机，这种装置可以保证四个轮子被锁住来使拖拉机制动，当车速很快的时候。一个踏板在座椅的前面操控拖拉机尾部的不同刹车，防止轮子打滑。这种不同可以保证在拐弯时，外面的轮子比里面的轮子走的更多。然而
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