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干冰
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干冰清洗机——行走系统,干冰,清洗,行走,系统
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毕业设计外文参考文献翻译 机械工程 系 2008届题 目 干冰清洗机 The washing and spraying type machine for vegetable学生姓名 张志勇 专业班级 06机制14班 完成日期： 2008年 3 月 22 日Contents1. Abstract 2 2.ltrasonicCleaning 23. Machining5 目 录1. 摘要72. 超声波清洗93. 机械加工10AbstractAt modern social people the improvements of living standardses, and foreign trade the developments of cause, vegetables process day by day demand increase products day by day, This ask we want and break artificial to wash dish way a traditional one, realize automation and continuity who vegetables wash is by saving a large amount of manpower, material resources soon, Improve the competitiveness of the products. This text it expounds the fact to be continuous type wash the necessity and feasibilities of machine by vegetables to develop automation. Vegetables divide into leaf form type vegetables and rhizome type vegetables, remaining to have dust, organic fat, and remaining chemical agriculture chemical, microorganism,etc.ses surface vegetables type leaf,forms more for being flat and long and thin, getting easy to roll over because it is routed to press at section, rhizomes the type vegetables epidermis intensity better, require and skin and eat also more somes very, Exist epidermis problem of damaging. We directed against leaf form type kinds of vegetables and rhizome type kinds of vegetables these two a kind of vegetables the differences of physical properties, Design Model QX-J wash and Model QXY leaf form type vegetables washing machine, introduce its technological process and whole structure by rhizome type vegetables separately. Model QXJ rhizome type vegetables wash machine adopt cylinder, the processes of the Model QX-Y washing machine is immiersion washing - spray washing - ultrasonic wave washing - spray washing - bringing the vegetable out.ltrasonic CleaningFundamental Theory and ApplicationUltrasonic cleaning machine mainly utilize air impacted effect height frequency and vibrational signal, which ultrasonic vibrational case produce，translate mechanical vibrational and transmit into the intermedium via the exchanged energy organ Ultrasonic fardel,nonstopped vibration produce spoke wise and line transmits ted one. can give birth to ten thousands of negative pressured little air bubble. Via the pressure, the air bubble give birth to dense explosin on the surface of cleaned object. The lash the surface of cleaned object around-the-clock continuous continuous, contain another flank that pene trate the cleaned object. All the inside cavithy,blind holke and narrow interstice, that immerge intermedium,will flake off the greasae stain of the claned object surface. The cleaned object will be perfect and very clean. At the same time, ultra is provided with the liquid purpose. The grease stain that have ever been cleaned will be forfendedSANYO Introduces the Worlds First Zero-Detergent Electrolyzed Water Cleaning Powered Washing Machine .Allows the option of Detergent Course or Non-Detergent Course according to the extent and type of dirt . Tokyo, June 22, 2001-SANYO Electric Co., Ltd., a world leader in Home Appliances announced the sale of the Worlds first Washing Machine using Electrolyzed Water that does not require the use of detergent through the use of Ultrasonic Waves and Electrolysis. Up until now the industry standard and excepted norm of traditional washing machines worked on the principle of using the water from the washing machines spin function and soap to remove dirt from the clothing. Three years ago SANYO introduced a new type of washing machine that was different from anything ever seen in the washing machine industry: Dirt Removal through the Ultrasonic Wave Washing Machine.LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing, and boring. Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the workpiece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, carriage assembly, and the leadscrew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well-normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides a heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shaped for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets. They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the ways are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of the rotating the work at various speeds. Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gearssimilar to a truck transmissionthrough which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of this hole is an important dimension of a lathe because it determines the maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailstock assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location. An upper casting fits on lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the tailstock and headstock spindles. The third major component of the assembly is the tailstock and headstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76 mm (2 to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a handwheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways. The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum workpiece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of workpiece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm (12 to 24 inches) swing and from 610 to 1219 mm (24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm (50 inches) and center distances up to 3658 mm (12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine latheswith swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches)also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench or cabinet. Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the workpiece, they are not suitable for quality production. Often the actual chip-production time is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operators time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being mad. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing. MachiningTurning The engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered. The engine lathe has been replaced in todays production shops by a wide variety of automatic screw machines. All the advantage of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish and accuracy, are now at the designers fingertips with production speeds on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today. Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Milling With the exceptions of turning and drilling, milling is undoubtedly the most widely method of removing metal. Well suited and readily adapted to the economical production of any quantity of parts, the almost unlimited versatility of the milling process merits the attention and consideration of designers seriously concerned with the manufacture of their product. As in any other process, parts that have to be milled should be designed with economical tolerances that can be achieved in production milling. If the part is designed with tolerances finer than necessary, additional operations will have to be added to achieve these tolerancesand this will increase the cost of the part.Grinding Grinding is one of the most widely used methods of finishing parts to extremely close tolerances and fine surface finishes. Currently, there are grinders for almost every type of grinding operation. Particular: cylindrical grinders, centerless grinders, internal grinders, surface grinders, and tool and cutter grinders. The cylindrical and centerless grinders are for straight cylindrical or taper work; thus splines, shafts, and similar parts are ground on cylindrical machinesdesign features of a part dictate to a large degree the type of grinding machine required. Where processing costs are excessive, parts redesigned to utilize a less expensive, higher output grinding method may be well worthwhile. For example, wherever possible the production economy of centerless grinding should be taken advantage of by proper design consideration. Although grinding is usually considered a finishing operation, it is often employed as a complete machining process on work which can be ground down from rough condition without being turned or otherwise machined. Thus many types of forgings and other parts are finished completely with the grinding wheel at appreciable savings of time and expense. Classes of grinding machines include the following either of the common-center type or the centerless machine. Thread grinders are used for grinding precision threads for thread gages, and threads on precision parts where the concentricity between the diameter of the shaft and the pitch diameter of the thread must be held to close tolerances. The internal grinders are used for grinding of precision holes, cylinder bores, and similar operations where bores of all kinds are to be finished. The surface grinders are for finishing all kinds of flat work, or work with plain surfaces which may be operated upon either by the edge of a wheel or by the face of a grinding wheel. These machines may have reciprocating or rotating tables摘 要随着现代社会人们生活水平的提高，以及外贸事业的发展，干冰加工产品的日益需求量日益增大，这就要求我们要打破传统的人工洗菜方式，实现干冰清洗的机械化和自动化，以节省大量的人力、物力，提高产品竞争力。本文论述了研制自动化连续型干冰清洗机的必要性和可行性。干冰可以分为叶状类干冰和根茎类干冰，叶类干冰表面残存有尘土、有机肥、及残存的化学农药、微生物等，且叶类干冰本身比较嫩脆，容易折段压溃，而根茎类干冰表皮强度较好，有的还要求去皮食用，不存在表皮损伤问题。我们针对叶状类类干冰和根茎类类干冰这两种干冰物理性质的不同，分别设计了QX-J型根茎类干冰清洗机和QX-Y型叶状类干冰清洗机，并介绍了其工艺流程和整体结构。QXJ型根茎类干冰清洗机采用滚筒方式清洗，QX-Y型叶状类干冰清洗机的工艺流程为浸泡清洗 - 喷射清洗 - 超声波清洗 - 喷淋清洗 - 出菜。关键词设备 性能 自动化 浸泡 喷淋 超声波清洗 水处理 超声波清洗：基本原理及应用利用高于20KHZ的超音频电能，通过换能器转换成高频机械振荡而传入到清洗液中。超声波在清洗液中疏密地向前辐射，使液体移动，并产生数万计的微小气泡，这些气泡在超声波纵向传播的负压区形成、生产、迅速闭合称为空化现象。在空化现象中气泡闭合时形成超过1000个大气压的瞬时高压，连续不断产生的瞬时高压就像一连串小爆炸不断地轰击物体表面，使物体表面及缝隙中污垢迅速剥落，这种空化侵蚀作用就是超声波清洗的基本原理。SANYO 首先介绍世界没有洗涤剂，将电解水作为动力的洗衣机，根据范围和灰尘的类型可以选择用洗涤济或不用洗涤济进行清洗。SANYO 电气股份有限公司世界在家庭用具的领导人于2001 年6月22 日在东京宣布首先使用超声波和电解水而不需要洗涤济的洗衣机出售。 直到现在，工业标准和传统习惯都是利用水在洗衣机里的旋转运动，肥皂可从衣服上除去灰尘和污垢。3年以前SANYO提出了不同于任何过去的清洗机的的一种洗衣机： 超声波清洗机。车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车断面和镗孔等工作而设计的机床。很少有车削在其他类型机床上进行，任何机床都不如车床用来车削那样方便。因为车床还能够用于钻孔和铰孔，他们的多功能性允许工件再一次装夹中完成几种加工。因此，在生产加工中各种车床的使用比其他机床要多。车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、拖板组件、丝杠和光杠。床身是车床的支架。它通常是由经过良好正火或失效处理的灰铸铁或球墨铸铁制成。床身提供了坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。通常在床身上部有内外两组纵向排列的平行导轨。一些生产厂家对四条导轨都采用导轨顶尖朝上的方式（三角形导轨），而另一些制造厂对一组或两组导轨都采用一个三角形导轨和一个平行导轨。导轨需要精加工以保证其直线度精度。为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代化机床都是经过表面淬硬的。但是在机械加工时还得谨慎小心以免导轨遭到破坏，导轨的任何不精确度常常意味着整台机床的精度遭到破坏。主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上， 通常在床身的边端。 它提供动力以使工件在不同速度下旋转。主轴箱基本上由安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮 类似于卡车变速箱所组成。通过变速齿轮主轴，可以在很多转速下旋转。大多数车窗提供8支8种转速，转速通常按等比级数排列。而且在现代机床上全部转速都可通过扳动到2到4个手柄得到。一种不断渐增的趋势是通过电的或机械的装置提供无级变速。由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴具有较大的结构尺寸，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。主轴上有一个贯穿全长的通孔，通过该孔长棒料可以进料。这个孔的大小是车床上一个非常重要的尺寸，因为当原材料必须通过主轴孔供料时，它决定了能够被加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。尾架组件基本上包括三个部分。底板和床身内侧导轨配合，并且能够在导轨上纵向滑动。底板上有一个可使整个尾架组件在任意位置上夹紧的装置。尾架体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾架能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。尾架的第三个部分是尾架套筒。它是一个中空的圆柱体，直径通常约为51至76毫米（2到3英尺）。通过手轮和螺杆，尾架套筒可以在尾架体中移入和移出几寸。车床的规格用两个尺寸来表示。第一个称为最大加工直径。这是在车床上能过旋转的工件的最大直径，它大约是车床中心连线与导轨上最近点连线距离的2倍。第二个规格是两顶尖之间的最大距离。车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车床能车削的工件最大直径，而两顶尖之间的最大距离则表示在两顶尖之间能够安装的工件的最大长度。普通车床是生产加工中最常用的车床类型。它们是具有前面所描述的所有部件的重载机床，并且除了复合支架以外，所有的刀具运动都有机驱动。它们通常的规格尺寸是：床面上最大加工直径为305至610毫米（12至4英寸），两顶尖之间的距离为610至219毫米（24至48英寸）。但是床面上最大加工直径大刀270毫米（50英寸），两顶尖之间的距离达到3658毫米（12英尺）也并不少见。这些车床大部分都有切削盘和一个安装在内部的冷却液系统。小的普通车床床面最大加工直径通常不超过30毫米（13英寸）被设计为台式车床，床身被安装在工作台或柜子上。尽管普通车床的应用多种多样，且非常有用，但是由于更换和调整刀具以及对工件进行测量要花费很多时间，它们并不适合在大批量生产中应用。通常实际的生产时间总少于全部生产循环时间的30%。另外，需要熟练的技术工人来进行所有操作，而这些技工的工资很高并且常常雇佣不到。然而操作者的大部分时间却花费在简单的重复调整和观察切削的产生上。因此，为了减少或不再雇佣这些熟练工人，六角车床、螺丝车床和其他种类的半自动和自动车床已经被成功地开发出来，并且已经在生产中获得广泛应用。机械加工车削普通车床作为最简单的金属切削机床中的一种，有许多有用的和为人们所需要的特性。今天这些车床被主要地用于小工厂中，用来进行小批量生产而非大批量生产。在今天的生产车间中，普通车床已经被各种各样的自动车床所代替，诸如自动仿形车、六角车床和自动螺丝车床。用单刃刀具去除大部分的金属余量，然后用成型刀具获得表面光洁度和精度这种加工方法的优点，现在用在设计人员的手指尖上的生产速度等同于今天工厂中使用的最快的加工设备的速度。普通车床的加工偏差主要取决于操作者的熟练程度。设计工程师必须认真地确定由一个熟练的操作者在普通车床上生产试验零件所用的公差。在把试验零件重新设计为生产零件时，应该选用经济的公差。铣削除了车削和钻削，铣削无疑是最广泛应用的金属切削方法。铣削非常适合于也易于应用在任何数量的零件的批量生产中。铣削过程的几乎不受限制的多种使用性能，值得设计人员在他们的产品生产中认真考虑和选择。正如和其他加工种类一样，需要铣削的零件应该设计好在铣削加工中可以获得的经济公差。如果零件的设计公差比需要的公差小，那么，为了获得这个较小的公差，就需要增加一些额外的操作这将会增加工件的成本。磨削磨削是广泛使用的零件精加工方法之一，用来获得极小的公差和较好的表面光洁度。目前，几乎存在适合所有磨削操作的磨床。零件独特的设计特征在很大程度上决定了需要采用的磨床的种类。当生产成本太高时，就值得对零件进行重新设计，以便采用一种即便宜又具有高生产率的磨削方法进行加工。例如，在有可能的时候，通过对适当的设计方法的考虑，采用无心磨削的方法可以获得好的经济效益。尽管磨削经常被认为是精加工工序，对于那些采用磨削进行粗、精加工的工件，常常用磨削的方法完成整个加工工作，而不用车削或其他加工方法。因而许多种类的锻件和其他零件的加工都是完全采用砂轮磨削的方法完成的，而且节省时间和费用。磨床包括以下几种类型：外圆磨床、无心磨床、内圆磨床、平面磨床和工具磨床。外圆磨床和无心磨床是用来磨削圆柱形工件或圆锥形工件的。因此，花键轴、轴和其他类似的零件是采用普通的外圆磨床，或是采用无心磨床进行加工的。 螺纹磨床用来磨削螺纹量规上的精密螺纹，和用来磨削螺纹的中径与轴的同心度公差很小的精密零件上的螺纹。内圆磨床用来磨削精密的孔、汽缸孔以及各种各样类似的、需要进行精加工的孔。平面磨床用来对各种平面工件，或者对带有平面的工件进行精加工。这种平面工件可以采用砂轮的边或砂轮的端面进行磨削。这类机床上装有往复式工作台或回转式工作台。课题分析1 干冰清洗目的一般数来,对干冰清洗的目的主要有以下两个：一、除去干冰原料表面沾染的泥沙、杂质干冰原料在其生长、成熟、采摘、贮存、运输过程中,历经时间长,历经工序多,不可避免地会沾染泥沙、杂质等异物,特别是来自地下的果实,如土豆、红薯等,更是不可避免地与泥土相粘连.这些泥土、杂质的存在,将会对产品的加工质量带来极为不利的影响.所以必须将这些泥沙、杂质的洗涤除去.二、去原料表面沾染的农药和微生物干冰原料在生长过程中,为了控制病虫害,常常对干冰要喷射一些农药,这些农药的存在会有损于人体健康.另外,干冰表面也会或多或少地沾染各种微生物,这些微生物有可能危害干冰原料和人体健康,因此必须将其除去.干冰原料清洗目的是去除干冰
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