北大普心张智勇ppt-情绪、压力及应对.ppt

,Chapter11Emotion,Stress,andCoping,ZhangZhiyongDepartmentofPsychologyPekingUniversity,你在闹情绪吗？,心境如何？你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？如何保持良好的心情？,Definition,Emotion,oraffect,isanevaluativeresponse(apositiveornegativefeeling)thattypicallyincludessomecombinationofphysiologicalarousal,subjectiveexperience,andbehavioraloremotionalexpression.,Outlines,EmotionStressCopingSomeConcludingThoughts,1Emotion,PhysiologicalComponentsSubjectiveExperienceEmotionalExpressionATaxonomyofEmotionsPerspectivesonEmotionADifferentPerspective:IntegratingthePerspectivesonEmotion,1.1PhysiologicalComponents,WilliamJames(1884)theperipheraltheoryCarlLange(1885)James-LangetheoryCannon(1927)andBard(1934)TwocriticismstoJames-LangetheoryTooslowNotspecificCannon-Bardtheory,害怕,James-LangeTheory,害怕,Cannon-BardTheory,Theneuro-psychologyofemotion,Emotionlocatedintheheart,faceortheperipheralnervoussystem?DistributedthroughoutthenervoussystemThreeareasofthebrainofspecialimportance:Hypothalamus,Limbicsystem,cortexThePapezcircuit:thalamus,hypothalamus,cortex,limbicsystem,Amygdala,thebrainemotionalcomputerTwocircuitsoftheemotionalreactionTheroleofthecortexwithrespecttoemotion,1.2SubjectiveExperience,happy,angry,sad,andElatedIndividualdifferenceintheintensityofemotionalstatesPersonalitydisorders/PsychologicaldisorderAcknowledgingandexaminingonesfeelingscanhaveapositiveimpactonhealth.(BerryPennebakeretal,1990),1.3EmotionalExpression,TheovertbehavioralsignsofemotionVariousways:facialexpressions,posture,gestures,andtoneofvoice.Creatingfearintheface,1.3.1FacialExpressionandEmotion,Tomkins(1962):thefaceistheprimarycenterofemotionTherelationshipbetweenemotionandfacialmusclemovementsisuniformenoughacrossindividualsandcultures.(Ekman,1971)Facialexpressionsnotonlyindicateapersonemotionalstate,buttheyalsoinfluenceitsphysiologicalandsubjectivecomponents.(Ekman,1992),1.3.2CultureandEmotionalDisplayRules,Somefacialexpressionsareuniversallyrecognized(Ekman,1971;Ekman&Oster,1979)Ekman&Oster(1979):surprise,fear,anger,disgust,happiness,andsadness.Izard(1977):shameandinterest.Displayrules:expressinanappropriatewaywithintheircultureorsubculture.Stephanetal(1996):CostaRica&USonPE,NEexpressingEkman(1977):Japanese&NorthAmericans,awareorunawareofbeingobserved.Cool,1.3.3GenderandEmotionalExpression,Womanprobablyexperienceemotionmoreintensely,arebetterabletoreademotionsfromotherpeoplefacesandnonverbalcues,andexpressemotionmoreintenselyandopenlythanmen.Childrenasyoungas3yrsoldrecognizethatfemalesaremorelikelytoexpressfear,sadness,andhappiness,andmales,anger.Thepossiblereason:genderroles,1.4ATaxonomyofEmotions,BasicEmotionsPositiveaffect/Negativeaffect,BasicEmotions,Criterion:(Izard&Buechler,1980)Anemotionisbasicifithascharacteristicphysiological,subjective,andexpressivecomponents.Anger,fear,happiness,sadness,anddisgustSurprise,contempt,interest,shame,guilt,joy,trust,andanticipation.,Positiveaffect/Negativeaffect,Twofactorsunderliepeopleself-reportedemotions.(WatsonWatson&Tellegen,1985)Approach-oriented/Avoidance-orientedsystemdrivenbypositive/negativeaffectThetendencyappearstosomedegreeheritable(N/P,0.40/0.55)Onefinalsolution(Fischeretal.,1990),Anemotionhierarchy,Emotion,Positive,Negative,Love,Joy,Anger,Sadness,Fear,Fondness,Infatuation,Bliss,Pride,Jealousy,Annoyance,TheEmotionWheel(Plutchik,1984),接受,恐惧,惊奇,忧伤,厌恶,愤怒,期待,喜悦,爱,敬畏,怜悯,进取,乐观,鄙视,谦恭,失望,1.5PerspectivesonEmotion,PsychodynamicPerspectivesonEmotionCognitivePerspectivesonEmotionTheEvolutionaryPerspectiveBehavioristPerspective,PsychodynamicPerspectivesonEmotion,BeingunconsciousofoneownemotionalexperienceMoray(1969)Neutralwords-conditionedfear-inducingwordsWordsinUnattendedchannelUnconsciousemotionalprocessescaninfluencethought,behavior,andevenhealthPeopleregularlydeludethemselvesabouttheirownabilitiesandpersonalityattributesasawayofavoidingunpleasantemotion.Shedleretal(1993):suchdefensiveself-deceptionaboutemotionstakesitstollphysiologically.,CognitivePerspectivesonEmotion,InterpretationandEmotionSchachter-Singertheory(1962):notsimplythesubjectiveawarenessofarousalCriticism,Emotion-inducingstimulus,Physiologicalarousal,Cognitiveinterpretationofarousal,Emotion,CognitivePerspectivesonEmotion,CognitionandAppraisalPeopleemotionsreflecttheirjudgmentsandappraisalsofthesituationsorstimuli(Lazarus)FindingadoctornegligentorincompetentZajonc(1980):mereexposureeffectTheInfluenceofEmotionandMoodonCognition,CognitivePerspectivesonEmotion,TheInfluenceofEmotionandMoodonCognitionMood:relativelyextendedemotionalstatesthattypicallydonotshiftattentionAffectsonmemory,thinking(judgments,inferences,orpredictions)Moodandautobiographicalmemory(72Vs52%)Depressedperson,TheEvolutionaryPerspective,EmotionserveanadaptivepurposeCommunicativefunctionApowerfulsourceofmotivation(movere)Whypeoplebecomejealousinintimate?Female:emotionalcommitmentMale:sexualaccessBussetal(1992):study1,2,3,TheBehavioristPerspective,ConditionedemotionReinforcedemotionalbehavior,2Stress,Achallengetoapersonscapacitytoadapttoinnerandouterdemands,whichmaybephysiologicallyarousingandemotionallytaxingandcallforcognitiveorbehavioralresponses.,2Stress,StressasaPsychobiologicalProcessStressasaTransactionalProcessSourcesofStressStressandHealth,2.1StressasaPsychobiologicalProcess,HansSelye(1936,1976)GeneraladaptationsyndromeThreestages:alarmresistanceexhaustion,2.2StressasaTransactionalProcess,RichardLazarus(1981,1991,1993)Theextentofstressdependsonthepersonsappraisalofboththesituationandhisabilitytocopewithit.Lazarusstwostagesintheprocessofstressandcopingprimaryappraisal:whatsit?Secondaryappraisal:WhatshouldIdo?Lazarussthreetypesofstress:harm/lossthreatchallengeSocialandeconomicforces,2.3SourcesofStress,StressorLifeEventsCatastrophesDailyHassles,Holmes-RaheLifeEventsRatingScale(1967),Deathofspouse100Divorce73Maritalseparation65Jailterm63Deathoffamily_m63Personalinju/ill53Marriage50Firedatwork47,Retirement45Pregnancy40Businessreadjust39Beginorendsch.26Troublewithboss23Changeinreside20Vocation13Christmas12,Lifeeventsanditsmeaningforindividuals,Perceivedstress-Thedifferentmeaningsofvariouseventsfordifferentindividuals.Longer-lastingeffectsParkes&Brown(1972):45yrs.Peoplewhowidowedanaverageof14monthsIncreasedillness,appetitedisturbance,depression,sleepdisturbancesfatigue,loneliness,andhighermortalityrate.Acculturativestress,2.3SourcesofStress,StressorLifeEventsCatastrophesPost-traumaticstressdisorder,PTSDSurvivorsguiltDailyHassles,常见的日常烦恼,担心体重家人的健康生活必须品的涨价家务要做的事情太多东西找不着或丢失收拾院落或室外财产、投资或交税犯罪体型相貌,2.4StressandHealth,StressPeople酗酒、吸烟、睡眠不足、运动少StressandtheImmuneSystemStress,Health,andPersonalityTypeAbehaviorpattern(Friedman&Rosenman,1959)Impatient,hard-driving,ambitious,competitive,andhostile.PowerMotivation,Hardiness,3Coping,CopingMechanismsDefenseMechanismsTheimpactofCultureonCopingStylesSocialSupportCommentary,3.1CopingMechanisms,ChangethesituationProblemsolvingAlteronescognit