从句类型-定语从句.ppt

从句类型定语从句,定语从句,在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫定语从句。它的作用是限制、描绘或说明、补充主句中的某一单词、短语、另一从句或整个主句。,.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句,定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。两者之间有以下几个方面的区别。1.一般情况下，限定性定语从句紧接先行项，中间没有逗号，口语中没有停顿。而非限定性定语从句则有逗号隔开，口语中有停顿。这是限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句表面结构上的区别。Examples:Amanwhodoesntlearnfromotherscanthopetoachievemuch.ThisbookwaswrittenbyXuWu,whowrotemanybooksandarticlesonthesubject.2.限定性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果将它省略，主句意思将不完整。而非限定性定语从句的修饰作用减弱，而主要对主句中某个词、词组或整句进一步补足说明，如果省略该从句，也不致影响主句的完整性。Examples:Themicroorganismswhichcausediseasearepathogenic.Themicroorganismscausingdiseasearepathogenic,whichmeansdisease-producing.,3.同一个句子带有限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句在意义上有细微区别。Examples:Ihavetwosisterswhoarestillatschool.Ihavetwosisters,whoarestillatschool.4.限制性定语从句所修饰的词也就是先行词通常为名词或代词，但不包括专有名词；非限制性定语从句所修饰的可以是名词（包括专有名词）、短语、另一从句或整个句子。Examples:Isthatthewomanwhowantstobuyyourcar?IvejustmetthatMrs.Smith-Perkis,whowantstobuyyourcar.Shesaidthathersonwouldbecomeanartist,whichIthoughtpossible.Tomisveryactiveinsports,whichhissisterrarelyis.Heworehisswimmingthingsintheoffice,whichshockedhisbossagreatdeal.,5.限制性定语从句的主要作用是修饰其先行词；而非限定性定语从句除了可以起修饰作用外，它还可以起延续叙述作用和明确，注释作用。Examples:Thehumanbodyiscomposedofmanyorgans,eachofwhichhasaspecialjobtodo.Theprocessiscalledphagocytosis,bywhichismeanttheabilitytodestroytheinvadingbacteriabyengulfingthem.6.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的另一区另在于前者的关系代词有时可以省略，而后者的关系代词无论作从句的主语还是宾语都不能省略。Examples:Thespeechwhichhadbeengivenbyhimwasagreatsuccess.Thespeechwhichhemadewasagreatsuccess.TheVictoriaLine,whichwasopenedin1969,wasLondonsfirstcompletenewtubefor60years.TheVictoriaLine,whichtheQueenopenedin1969,wasLondonsfirstcompletenewtubefor60years.,.关系词的运用与选择,连接和引导定语从句的关系词有：which,who,that,whom,whose,when,where,why,how.还有可以当作关系代词使用的准关系代词as,but,than.1.常规关系词的使用与选择先行词是人时，关系代词用who表示主格，whose表示所有格，whom表示受格。先行词是人以外之事物时，关系代词用which表示主格和受格，whose表示所有格。Examples:IamlookingforaforeignspecialistwhosenameisGeorgeBrown.Thedoctorwhomyouconsultedisaheartspecialist2.关系代词that的使用在限制性定语从句中，一般情况下，that可以代替关系代词who,whom,和which.在下列情形下则必须用that代替who，whom或which.先行词前面有最高级形容词或序数词时：Examples:Heisthefirstpersonthathasclimbedtothetopofthemountain.Thefirstthingthatweshoulddonowistofulfillthetaskasearlyaspossible.,先行词前面有theonly,thevery,thesame及no,all,every等形容词修饰时：Theonlyticketthatmaybeavailablenowhasbeenbooked.Noanimalsandpracticallynoplantsthatarenotgreenwouldhavethefoodtheyneedifitwerenotforgreenplants.当先行词all,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,best时:Examples:ThereissomethingthatIshouldliketocallyourattentionto.Therewaslittlethathecoulddoforus.,.准关系代词as,but和than,1.准关系代词as用作关系代词的as通常要与such,thesame,as一起连用，如：Iwilltakethesamebusasyouhave.Hespokeinsuchanangrytoneaseverybodywasannoyed.Suchpointsashestressedinhisspeecharetobediscussedatthenextmeeting.Asmuchmoneyasisnecessarymustbecollected.在same之后的关系代词可以接as，也可以接that,接that时通常指同一物，而接as时则指同一类。ThisisthesamehousethatIhavesoldout.ThisisthesamehouseasIhavesoldout.As还可以单独使用，此时as代表主句的整个概念，例如：Alllivingthingsaremadeofcells,aswehavelearntbefore.Arepureandappliedsciencetwototallydifferentactivities,havinglittleornointerconnection,asisoftenimplied?,As与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别1在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。2在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如”，“就像”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which。Examples:1Hewaslateagain,as/whichwehadexpected.=Aswehadexpected,hewaslateagain.正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。2Thestreethasntbeenclearedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as）3Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasdisgraceful.那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不用as）4Hetakesexerciseeveryday,whichhasdonealotofgoodtohishealth.他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as）5Ashasalreadybeenpointedout,Englishisratherdifficultforaforeigner.正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在suchas、thesameas、as、asmany/muchas等结构中,as不能用which代替。,3.准关系代词but用作关系代词的but含有否定的意思，相当于thatnot的意思，而且通常与含否定意义的主句连用，如：Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.ThereisnooneinourclassbutknowsProfessorWang.Therewasnoonepresentbutknowsthesecretalready.4.准关系代词than用作关系代词的than前面通常有比较级的字或词，如：Heachievedmuchbetterresultthanwasexpected.Theremaybemoreimportanceinitthanwouldseem.,Excises:1.Infrontoftheengineisafan,thepurposeof_istodrawairthroughtheradiatortocoolthewater.2.Alexanderperformedsuchdeeds_hadneverbeenseenintheworldbefore.3.Whenthewearylittlearmysawthattheenemywerebeginningtoretreat,theyraisedsuchacheer_madetheirwoundedgeneralweepwithjoy.4.Modernstatesmenareoftenfacedwiththesameproblems_theancientRomans.5.Nonecametohim_weretreated.=whowerenottreated)6.Theclass,_isinthechargeofMr.Li.isgoingtowinthegame,Ithink.7.Theclass,_havejustgonethroughtheirannualphysicalexamination,turnoutquitehealthy.,.非限制性定语从句中关系代词的选择,1.一般来说，非限定定语从句的关系词由which,who,whom,whose来充当，例如：MybrotherstayedinBeijingfortwomonths,duringwhichtimeIwrotehimaletter.Wecamewithinthesightofthemountain,whosesummithasattractedsomanyclimbers.Tom,whoissaidtohavefallenill,wontcometojoinusinthechorus.Thedamagedship,whosecrewhadbeensaved,wascompletelydrowned.,2.关系副词where和when也能引导非限定性定语从句：Onearth,wherefogorrainwouldinterferewithtransmission,laserswouldhavetobebeamedthroughevacuatedpipelinestopreventpowerloss.IamseeingthemanageronMonday,whenhewillbebackfromShanghai.准关系代词也可以引导非限定性定语从句，这种定语从句可以位于句首、句中、句尾，例：Itwasastupidthingtodo,ashelatteradmitted.,.先行词为集体名词时关系词的选择,定语从句中先行词如果是既可表示团体又可表示个人的集体名词时，关系代词的选择应根据该集体名词的意义而定。当该集体名词指整个群体时，用which；而当其强调个体成员时用who或whom，例如：OurAssociation,whichhasconsistentlypressedforgreateremploymentopportunitiesforthedisabled,willpublishitsproposalsinthenearfuture.Englandsteam,whoarenowsuperblyfit,willbedoingtheirbestnextweektorevengethemselvesforlastyearsdefeat.诸如此类的集体名词还有：class,club,committee,company,government,group,society等。,.带介词的定语从句,1.关系代词which,whom和that都可作介词宾语，但关系代词that作介词宾语时，介词一般不要放在之前。如：Intheattempttocontrolinflationbyeliminatingsocialprograms,thereareethicallimitsbeyondwhichmanyeconomistsandpoliticiansarereluctanttogo.Languageisatoolbymeansofwhichpeoplecommunicateideaswitheachother.2.通常情况下，在正式文体中，介词位于关系代词之前，在非正式文体或口语中，介词位于句尾。Partlybecauseofhisinfluenceinpolitics,Konaldisamanwithwhomyouwillbegladtobeacquainted.Ihavereadthepoemwhichsheisspeakingof.3.但是当介词与从句中的动词没有依赖关系时，无论在何种文体中，介词都必须于关系代词之前。例如：SirWinstonChurchillwasBritishPrimeMinisterfrom1940to1945,duringwhichtimeheplayedadecisiveroleintheconductoftheSecondWorldWar.,4.在非限制定语从句中，介词通常位于关系代词之前。并且介词后的关系代词which可以指代整个主句或主句的一部分，例如：Shewastreatedwithantibiotics,afterwhichhertemperaturereturnedtonormal.Hemayhaveanacuteinfection,inwhichcasehewillhavetobetreatedwithantibiotics.,.关系词的省略,关系代词或关系副词的省略仅限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略。关系词的省略通常有下列几种情况：1.当关系代词在从句中作宾语、表语时；或者关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，介词又在句尾时，关系代词可省略。例如：Cathyarrivedsolatethatshecouldnotfindanyonetocarrytheluggagethatshebrought.ThefriendwhoIwastravelingwithisadoctor.Theearththatweliveonisabigroundball.SheisnolongerthegirlthatshewaswhenIsawherthreeyearsago.Chinatodayisnolongerthecountrythatitwasinthepast.2.当定语从句修饰的先行词是that,all,only,everything,something,nothing等代词，或者先行词是time,moment,way(anyway),direction,distance等名词时，关系代词也可以省略。IsthereanythingthatIcanhelpwithyou?Theaccidenttookplaceattheexactmomentwhentheywerecrossingtheroad.Englishwordsarenotalwaysspelledthewaythattheysound.,3.当定语从句修饰的先行词前有一个最高级的形容词修饰时，或先行词前有only,any,all,first,no,last等限定词修饰时，关系代词that也可省略。例如：Thatstheonlyfoodtheyhaveleftus.Alicewasthefirstgirlyoutalkedtowhenyougothere.4.当定语从句为therebe句型时，作主语的that可省略。Shetaughtmethedifferencethatthereisbetweenwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Shehasreadallthebooksthereareonthebookshelf.5.在口语中常常省略关系副词when,why和that.Thatwasthedaywhenhereceivedhisfirstprize.Canyoutallmethereasonwhy/thatyouwereabsentyesterday?,Ofallthediseases_besetthehumanrace,leprosyisbyfarthehardesttobear.Itisusuallydisfiguring,oftencrippling,andnotuncommonlyfatal._distinguishesleprosyfromallotherailmentisnotthephysiologicaldissolutionthatitsvictimsmustfrequentlyendure,_thefear,horror,andviolentloathingitexcites_others.Thebelief_leprosymakesitsvictimsunfitforeithe