《写作中语言要求》PPT课件.ppt

四级写作专题语言要求及训练,PartI,四级写作得高分的三个基本要求:,1.内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点作文考试要求考生根据所提供的写作提纲完成一篇短文，因此，评分标准的第一项即要求文章切题，并包括提纲的全部要点。2.表达清楚，文字连贯文章要做到表达清楚，文字连贯,就必须根据提纲确立不同的主题句并使整个段落凝聚在一起，流利地表现段落所要表达的思想。为了使文章清楚，连贯(coherence)，我们可以用一些关联词（transitionalwordsandphrases），引导读者的思维从一个句子过渡到另一个句子。3.基本上无重大语言错误，仅仅有个别小错误,三个要求中，有两个是和语言有密切关系的：表达清楚，文字连贯；基本上没有重大语言错误因此，有必要对四级英语写作语言方面加以分析和训练从选词，到组句，再到成段逐一分析,PartII如何选词、组句?,I.选词：CET-4作文中的“亮点”，成为作文得高分之必须A.选词的要求准确贴切如：1）客人们在共进晚餐后都放松下来，也随便多了Afteragooddinnertogether,alltheguestsrelaxedandbecamequitefamiliar(careless).,用词准确贴切,主要是选用同义词,近义词的问题.因此要想准确贴切,就必须很好地辨析它们.英文中同义词非常丰富.通过有效地互换同义词来取代上文中出现过的词,使文章的语言丰富多彩,避免重复和单调.如:2）Withthepublicationofthenovel,hebecamefamousasthegreatestwriterlivingthen,andhehasbeenmoreandmorefamouseversince.HeisalsobecomingmoreandmorefamouswithChinesereaders.-用同义词互换改为：,Withthepublicationofthenovel,hebecamefamousasthegreatestwriterlivingthenandhisreputationasamajorAmericanauthorhasbeenontheincreaseeversince.HeisnowalsobecomingmoreandmorepopularwithChinesereaders.该句中选用了词性不同但意义接近的词词组来表达同样的意思，显得语言生动而丰富,2.明白易懂如：即：选用的词含义必须确定（语体：正式，一般，口语；词义：原义，引申义）；避免生造词语；避免滥用方言俚语等如：wanna,gonna,cause等最好避免在说明文及议论文中使用3)AftertheoutbreakofSARS,somepeoplearedeterminedtoengagethemselvesinregularsportsactivitiessothattheycanstayhealthy(sound一般用于口语中，“健康健全的没有任何病的”).,4）Tobeanall-roundstudent(三好学生)(athreegoodstudent)isalwaysasymbolofachievementforChinesestudents5）Inbigcities,themigrantworkers(农民工)(farmer-workers)arebecomingthemainlaborforce.6）Workhardandmakeprogresseveryday.(好好学习天天向上)(Goodgoodstudy,daydayup.),3.形象生动活用词义：选用含义比较形象具体的词来代替含义比较抽象的词如：)Heiskindandhonest.(比Heisagoodman.更具体)Noonewitnessed(比saw更具体)thebankbeingbrokeninto.)Noonecouldsurvive(比live更形象)inthemodernworldwithoutmoney.,活用词义还可以通过选用那些能引出联想和比喻意义的词把抽象的事物说得形象生动如：10)Teenagesmokingsoars.(increases)11)Einsteinswealthofnewideaspeakedwhilehewasstillayoungmanof26.12)Hisfatherbroughthimadevicethatdidstirhisintellect.13)Thisisonlyoneexampleofthemediatrendtowardmarginalizingfathers,whichmirrorsenormouschangesintheU.S.14)Youhavetofightthroughaboilingseaofbicycles.你不得不在如流的车海中艰难行进,活用词性：在一篇作文中，有的概念是文章的重点，往往需要多次出现为了避免单调重复，写作者可以活用词性，利用不同的词性来表达相同的概念，使文章丰富多彩如：15)Insteadofblindlyfollowingthem,weshouldobservethemcarefullyandanalyzethemcritically.Throughthecarefulobservationandcriticalanalysis,wemayidentifytheconceptionsthatwillactuallycontributetothesocialdevelopment.Itisonlythosecontributiveconceptionsthatweshallfollow.-不同词性强调了同样的概念，既保持了句子间的连贯，又改变了句式，增添了语言的丰富性,学生在选词方面存在的主要问题词义不达词义方面的问题（对单词本身的意义理解不透）；词性分辨不清（混误用词性；同一个词在词性不同时，词义也可能不同如：like,effect等）；固定搭配（如：atfirst,atlast等的误用）；不了解某些词适用的文体（formal,common,informal)等,浮夸华丽有些学生喜欢用大而空的词建议：六级以外的词最好不要用在四级作文中遗词漏字不仅破坏句子的完整性，且也影响意思的完整表达如：（括号中为易漏掉的词）16)Thelivingstandardincoastalareasisthreetimesashighas(that)intheinnerareas.17)Onlywhenweprotectourenvironmentwell,canwehaveabetterworldtolive(in).,赘词许多学生在英语写作中受汉语的干扰，或因对英语表达不熟悉，往往会使用多余词汇如：18)Iwillreturnbackassoonaspossible.19)Irefusetopresentathisweddingceremonybecauseofthefactthatheisaliar.,C.写作练习中应注意的选词方面的问题.词汇的有效积累词汇积累是选词的基础没有较大的词汇量，是不可能选出恰当的词的注意词的原义和引申义注意书面体和口语体的区别一般来说，词可分为正式的（formalwords），一般的（commonwords）和口语的（informalwords）种在英语作文中，常见的是formalwords和commonwords的结合,词汇衔接(wordchain)的几种手段：词汇衔接是指文章中出现的一部分词汇相互之间存在语义上的联系，或重复，或有其它词汇替代，或共同出现词汇衔接的手段主要有：重复，泛指词和搭配,重复：词汇衔接中最直接的手段是反复出现同一词汇，从而使话题的焦点集中如：20)Jobsandworkdomuchmorethanmostofusrealizetoprovidehappinessandcontentment.Weareallusedtothinkingthatworkprovidesthematerialthingsoflife.Butwearemuchlessconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthemoreintangible,butmorecrucial,psychologicalwell-beingthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandemptylife.,泛指词：在实际写作中，过度使用重复会给人一种词汇贫乏，表达单一的感觉此时，除了使用人称代词和指示代词外，还可使用泛指词（generalwords）英语中有people,person,thing,place,truth,fact等词的组合搭配：指的是那些倾向于在同一语境中出现具有衔接语篇能力的词群如：depositor(储户),account,money,banketc.;experiment,research,projectetc.;ship,sail,anchor,sea,seagulletc.其实，词的组合搭配也是考察学生对同一主题下词汇的联想能力训练这一能力对听力和阅读理解都有很大帮助,II.组句:英文句子的基本要求:开头大写,句末应有句号(.)/问号(?)/感叹号(!).英文中,不可以用逗号或副词或介词短语连接两个完整的句子.A.英语的基本句型:1.简单句:只包括一个主语和一个谓语的句子.(根据句子的作用又可分为:陈述句,疑问句,感叹句和祈使句.);2.复杂句-并列句,复合句,并列复合句(常用于说明文和议论文中),B.组句的要求1.合乎语法规范-如:1)句子的完整性:即一个句子必须有主语，谓语和必要的辅助成分，如宾语，定语，状语，补语等在正式文体中，短语和从句均不能代替句子主句,(+从句;+并列句;主语+谓语+(宾语)+with结构;+独立主格结构;+doing;+doneetc.),以一汉译英句为例：（随着人类对环境越来越多的负面影响），otherspeciesbecomeextinctatleast1000timesfasterthanatanytimeinthepast.a)Withmoreandmorepeoplenegativelyimpactingontheenvironment(with结构）b)Moreandmorepeoplenegativelyimpactingontheenvironment（独立主格结构）c)Asmoreandmorepeoplenegativelyimpactontheenvironment（从句）原句中两部分之间用逗号衔接，而后一部分是一个完整的句子，这就要求前一部分必须是从句，或独立结构，或with结构如果是同一主语，还有可能是doing/done的结构对英语句子结构完整性的了解也有助于做wordbank,cloze,errorcorrection等类型题,）句子成分的一致性（如主谓一致，代词与所指代的词一致，非谓语动词与主句的主语一致，时态的一致等）：如a)Theusesthatarecontrolledbycopyrightincludeproductionanddistributionandperformanceofmusicalworksforprofit.b)Thelecturerleavestimefortheaudiencetoaskhimquestions.c)Havingundertakensustainabledevelopmentformorethantwentyyears,Chinaisbecomingmoreprosperous.,3)句子之间的连贯性：需要有效地使用各种衔接词（参见后面的段落展开方式）4)注意突出句子的重点：如可通过倒装句，强调句，排比句等Parallelism(排比句):(排比的最后两项之间须用and连接).如：a)Theoraltestscoresofgirlsareusuallyhigherthanthoseofboys.b)Myroommateisgenerous,considerate,andeasytogetalongwith.c)Hemoppedthefloor,cleanedthewindows,anddidotheroddjobs.,d)Mariedemonstratedaninterestinandatalentforwriting.e)Afteryoumasterthereadingskills,youwillfindarticleschangingfromcomplexitytoeasiness,fromdullnesstointerest,andfromyourenemytoyourfriend.f)Amanwhoprovideswellforhisfamily,whomaintainsanhonestpublicrecord,andwhocontributesfreelytosocialwelfareisanassetinanycommunity.g)Asanenvironmentaleditor,Iknewthatstripminingwastearingupmanyscenicareasandthatclear-cuttingwascausingwidespreaddamageinthemountains.,2.句式多变同一思想内容可以用不同的句式来表达句式不同，表达的效果也就不同只有句式多样化，文章才会生动有趣充满活力长短句，主动被动句，倒装句，强调句，肯定否定句；简单句，复杂句;非谓语动词；修辞句等交替使用,另外，要非常熟悉一些句式，可以套用1)sothat2)tooto3)Themorethemore4)notuntilItwasnotuntilthatNotuntildid5)Itisimportant/vital/desirable/necessary/unnecessary/apparent/obvious/ofgreatimportance6)notbut,7)Onlyinthiswaycanyou8)Innowaycanalcoholhelpeaseonesmiseries.9)Itis/wasthat/who(强调句型)10)Peopleregard/treat/thinkof/lookon/countaseg.Almostallpeopleregardreadingasveryimportant.11)ThereisnodoubtthatThereisnodenyingthefactthat(不可否认）12)Thesameistrueof(也一样同样适用于),13.InsteadofInsteadoftryingtomakealotofmoney,Imakegreatendeavorstoacquiremuchknowledgeincollege.14.RatherthanRatherthanapunishmentoraburden,workistheopportunitytorealizeonespotential.15.OnnoaccountOnnoaccountwillourgovernmenttoleratethedecentralizationandlocalprotectionism.,C句与句之间的连贯：英语的句子连贯离不开过渡词（衔接词），选择正确的过渡词可以使句子前后逻辑严谨，意思紧密衔接起来表“启”（即开始）的常用语：（参见Howtoopenaparagraph部分）表“合”（即总结）的常用语：（参见Howtoendaparagraph部分)表“承”，“转”（即承上启下展开段落）的常用语：（见段落展开的常用方式）,用于句首提出论题或现象的句型,Recently,hasbecomethefocusofoursociety.hasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourdailylife.NowadaysthereisagrowingconcernforNowadaysitiscommontohear/seehasbecomeacommonoccurrenceinourdailylife.Withthedevelopmentof,moreandmorepeoplearegettingawareoftheseriousnessofItisonlyduringthelast/pastfewyearsthatmanhasbecomegenerallyawarethatThereisanold/popularsaying/proverbwhichsays/goesInrecentyears,thereisageneraltendencyNowadayshasbecomeaproblemwehavetoface.,用于结尾的常用句型,Fromwhathasbeendiscussed/mentionedabove,wemayconcludethatTherefore,itisnotdifficulttodraw/cometotheconclusionthatItishightimethatsomethingshouldbedonetoFromallthereasons/considerationsabove,itisevident/clear/obviousthatTakingintoaccountallthesefactors,wemayreachtheconclusionthatGiventhereasons/considerationsIhavejustoutlined/discussed/presented,Istronglyrecommendthat(should)doItisclear,therefore,that,Allinall,whatreallymattersis,infact,ItisessentialthateffectivemeasuresbetakentodoFromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayreasonablyarriveattheconclusionthatInconclusion,themostimportantisOnthewhole,itishightimethateveryonedidAsaresult,weshouldtakesomeeffectivestepstodoJudgingbythefigures/statistics,itisnotdifficulttoseethatOnlyinthisway/insodoing,can/will+主语really,PartIII成段,展开段落常用的写作手法(somecommonlyusedwritingskills):1.Paragraphdevelopmentbytimeorder按照时间顺序展开段落常用的衔接词有:Since(mychildhood/1990/lasttermetc.),then,forseveraldays/weeks,when,inthepast,previously,earlier,now,afterwardsetc.,2.Byprocess(按照流程顺序展开段落)常用的衔接词有:第一,首先:first(ly),first(ofall),inthefirstplace,tostart/beginwith,thefirstthingtodoisetc.其次,第二,第三,然后:second(ly),inthesecondplace,next,then,third(ly),after,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,besides,whatsmore,furthermoreetc.最后:finally,lastofall,lastly,lastbutnotleast,attheendetc.,不用于列举或流程顺序展开的衔接词有:atfirst,atlast,intheend,eventuallyetc.,3.Byspaceorder(按照空间顺序)常用的衔接词有:across,above,over,down,up,below,against,near,around,inside,outside,between,onthetopof,infrontof,ontheleft,atthebottomof,onbothsidesof.etc.4.Byexample(通过列举例子展开段落)常用的衔接词有:forexample/instance;foranotherexample/instance;some.,others.,andstillothers;suchas,sayetc.,5.Bycomparisonandcontrast(通过比较对比展开段落)常用的衔接词有:Like,unlike,likewise,too,moreover,differentfrom,incontrast,asopposedto,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,whereas,while,but,however,neverthelessetc.6.Bycauseandeffect(通过因果关系展开段落)常用的衔接词有:Because,as,since,asaresult,dueto,owingto,foronething,foranother,consequently,whyetc.7.Byclassification(通过分类展开段落)常用的衔接词有:Fallintothreegroups,beclassifiedintoseveralgroups/categories,therearefourtypesofpeopleetc.,Guidedwriting:Nearlyallthesentencesinthefollowingpassagearesimplesentencesandnouseismadeofconnectivewordsorreferencebetweendifferentsentences.Pleaserewritethepassagetomakeitlookmorenatural.,Therewereonceadogandacatsittingbyakitchendoor.Thecookcameoutandthrewseveralpiecesofmeattothem.Theybothsprangtogett