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A3偏心轮.dwg

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制钵机的设计论文.doc

外文翻译--机械技术在橡胶工业中的应用概述.doc

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制钵机的设计.gif

轴.gif

摘　　要5

1、引言5

1.1研究设计制钵机的意义5

1.2制钵机现状分析5

1.3制钵机的应用前景5

1.4课题研究的内容及拟采取的技术、方法5

2、制钵机的用途和设计要求5

2.1用途5

2.2设计要求5

3、制钵机总体方案的设计5

3.1工艺分析5

3.2 机构的方案比较及选择5

3.3拌料、填料5

3.4物料输送和各工序转移5

3.5钵体的成型和冲出5

3.6播种和覆土5

3.7协调配合关系5

3.8拟定传动方案5

4、绘制工作循环图5

5、减速系统的设计5

5.1电动机的选择5

5.2传动比的确定，各轴功率以及带传动设计5

5.3齿轮设计和校对5

6、主要结构设计5

6.1模盘的结构和尺寸确定5

6.2曲柄（偏心轮）滑块（滑杆）机构的结构尺寸5

6.3轴Ⅲ的结构设计及其校核5

6.4轴承的校核5

6.5键较核5

6.6机构生产调节说明5

7、总结5

参考文献:5

致谢5

制钵机的设计

摘　要：本文所设计的ZBJ1000型制钵机是用来生产在农业生产中广泛使用的育秧钵。育秧钵的钵体由配有各种肥料的土壤做成圆柱状，上端有一凹孔，用来播种种子。用育秧钵进行育苗和移栽，能够保证种子有足够养料以及种子成苗后可以方便的移栽到田间，种子发芽率、成活率高，苗体强壮且防虫害。

ZBJ1000型制钵机，吸取了前人研究成果的精华，与手工制钵和过去的制钵机不同的是，ZBJ1000型制钵机具有生产率更高，结构更简单，操作更方便，基本实现自动化，性价比高等优点；提高了生产效率并可实现大规模生产，可以保证秧苗早育、早熟、早上市，同时还能节约劳动力、种子、肥料、农药等。

本文从ZBJ1000型制钵机的工作原理、运动协调、总体结构、运动和尺寸等多方面进行了说明和分析。

关键词：制钵机、育秧、运动分析、营养钵

Abstract：ZBJ1000 earthen bowl machine ,which is designed in this text ,is used to produce the seedling bowl ,which is very popular in the agricultural produce .The seedling bowl is made as a cylinder by the nutritional soil ,which consists of all kinds of fertilizer .And there is a cave pit in the top of the bowl , which is the very hole we put the seedling in .Growing and transplanting the seeds in this bowl can make sure the seeds have enough time and nutrition to grow with ,high germination rate ,high survival rate ,strong and anti-pest.

ZBJ1000 earthen bowl machine ,differently from the former machine ,has lots of benefits just like :higher production ,easier structure ,more convenient handling ,automation and economy .Besides it can realize the earlier growth ,earlier maturity ,earlier on market , and it can economy labor force ,fertilizer and agrochemical at the same time.

This text is going to introduce the ZBJ1000 earthen bowl machine about its structure ,motion ,work principle and size.

Keywords：earthen bowl machine 、nursery 、kinematical analysis 、bowl.

1、引言

1.1研究设计制钵机的意义

育苗制钵机广泛应用于我国农业生产中，目前，建设社会主义新农村是我国的一项政策。在建设社会主义新农村的过程中，提高农业机械的生产效率，降低农业机械的成本是不容忽视的，从这个方面来说，本课题设计全自动制钵机是响应国家政策，是有利于农村发展的，具有长远的发展前景。

选制钵机作为毕业设计的内容，一方面，可全面的总结大学四年来所学的专业知识，并将本专业各方面的知识的运用结合起来，锻炼了自己的机械综合运用专业素质；另一方面，初步尝试了从事系统的科学研究，通过本次设计，深入认识了一般成型机的设计方法和思路，对毕业以后的工作学习有很大的帮助。此外，制钵机的设计内容、工作量适合，作为毕业设计的内容是完全符合要求的。

1.2制钵机现状分析

1.国内发展概况

　　　我国对农作物机械化育苗移栽技术的研究早在20世纪50年代末至60年代初已经开始，但当时人们只看到育苗移栽的好处和效率，忽视了经济效益，更没有科学地分析育苗移栽机械化生产过程中的多种技术难题。近年来，人们对育苗移栽技术有了进一步认识，开始对其重视起来。然而，由于我国地域辽阔，自然条件千差万别，各地的生产条件和环境各不相同，加之各地经济发展水平不一致，所以到现在为止，总体上基本于一种小规模手工操作状态。

1.3制钵机的应用前景

　　　机械化育苗的发展促进了种植制度的改革和进步机械化育苗技术的发展促使作物移栽种植面积增加，露地直播面积减少。种植者认为:购买商品苗直接定植，虽然较露地直播约增加成本20%左右，但是可实现管理规范化，而且种植密度有保障，节省劳力，能增产20%，作物生长整齐一致，便于机械化作业和采收。

2、制钵机的用途和设计要求

2.1用途

　　　营养土钵制钵机是一种制作培育苗钵体土胚的机器，该机可替代人工自动制作钵体，具有生产效率高，结构简单，稳固可靠，容易操作等特点。

　　　育苗钵是一种培农作物育苗用的土胚，它能使种子在育苗期有足够的养料及苗成长后能方便的移植到田间栽种。育苗钵由配有各种肥料的土壤做成圆柱形状并在上端挖一个凹孔使之成钵状。使用时将种子播在凹孔中，用土覆盖，待苗成长后连育苗钵一起移到田间栽种即可

2.2设计要求

1.钵的结构尺寸（见图2.1）

图2.1 营养土钵

本设计具体参数有如下几点要求:

生产率；

设工作年限10年，每年工作300天，每天工作8小时。

营养土钵规格2025mm，播种量为。

3、制钵机总体方案的设计

3.1 工艺分析

3.1.1最早的手工制秧钵的方法

　　　步骤：（1）将肥料和土壤拌均匀，用筛子筛细。

（2）将上述土壤放入一个模子，见图3.1 a 。

（3）用一冲头将土壤冲紧，冲头下部有一凸头，见图3.1 b 。

（4）再将模子托起，育苗钵被冲出，见图3.1 c 。

参考文献:

[1]张晓玲主编.机械原理课程设计指导.北京航空航天大学出版社，2008.

[2]葛龙光，窦晓黎，叶建伟. 手提式制钵器技术简介.云南农业, 1997,(5).

[3]孟宪源，姜琪主编.机构构型与应用.机械工业出版社，2004 .

[4]侯珍秀主编.机械系统设计.哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2000 .

[5] 张维凯，王曙光. AutoCAD2007中文版标准教程．北京:清华大学出版社，2007.

[6] 濮良贵，纪名刚.机械设计（第八版）.北京：高等教育出版社，2007.

[7] 孙恒,陈作模.机械原理(第七版)。北京：高等教育出版社，2006.

[8] 成大先主编.机械设计手册.北京：化学工业出版社，2004.

[9] 郑文纬,吴克坚.东南大学机械学学科组,机械原理[M].北京:高等教育出版,1999,6.

[10] 蒋恩臣.农业生产机械化.3版.北京:中国农业出版社，2003,3

[11] 机械设计手册编委会.机械设计手册.第2卷.北京：机械工业出版社，2004,8

[12] 农业工程大学.农业机械学[M].北京:北京农业出版社,1999，6

[13] 杨文珍，陆秋君，赵匀.圆盘式精密播种制钵机运动学优化设计.浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）31（3）,2005,4

[14] 杨文珍，陆秋君，赵匀.圆盘式精密播种制钵机计算机分析与设计.中国农业化，2004,4

[15] 杨文珍，赵匀，李革，俞高红.播种制钵机的研究与展望.农业化研究，2003，3

[16] 王世刚，张秀亲，苗淑杰.机械设计实践.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2003,8

[17] 徐灏.机械设计手册.2版.北京：北京工业出版社，2001,9

[18] 赵大龙玉米制钵机毕业设计论文.安徽科技学院.2010.6

内容简介：: Mechanical Technology in the rubber industry outlined in the application In the development of human society in the modern process. Rubber Industries is an indispensable Economy, Trade and Industry. In the rubber industry in the development of rubber technology and rubber machinery (or electromechanical) to the progress and development of technology played an important role in promoting this. The development of rubber industry, rubber and rubber machinery industry technology constitutes a technical rubber products all the technical process and industrial technology system. Made in 1820 by the British human-driven single-roller rubber mixing machine. 1826 twin-roll Drum open rubber mixing machine into production beginning of the human rubber machinery production prelude. So far, human society has been the application of rubber machinery 180 years of history. 1839 since. A series of rubber machinery and equipment will come out, in addition to the application of vulcanized rubber vulcanization facilities, and other rubber machinery, such as plunger hose extrusion machine (1858), screw extruder (1879), rubber calendering Machine (1843 1900), Closed rubber mixing machine (1916). Rubber machinery and equipment. At that time, has spent the rubber industry production process, the promotion of the development of rubber industry has played a facilitating role. 1904, lead oxide, magnesium oxide, such as the discovery of inorganic curing agent, in particular 1919 organic Thiofide D, the discovery and use of M, and further promote the improvement of production efficiency has greatly improved the performance of the use of rubber products, expanded use. 1920 accession to the carbon black rubber, makes rubber products would be an overall improvement in performance and improvement. Therefore, the application of carbon black rubber industry and promoting the progress and all-round development. In the early 20th century and the middle of the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, Germany, France and other countries, has invented a synthetic rubber industrial technologies. And the establishment of a series of synthetic rubber production equipment and factories. Coupled with the regions natural rubber production of large-scale resources for the mankind modern rubber industry opened up the comprehensive development of the material resource base. Is a highly flexible rubber typical materials, its physical properties are very complicated. Most of the processing of rubber molding process are similar to the melt flow and deformation process, but also in the processing of rubber products, the Health and plastic to go through plastic necklace, mixing, pressure-type, shape, curing process procedures, in order to become products. In the modern chemical products, such as rubber, plastics, paints, fibers, lubricants, ceramics, and other similar material production and engineering applications, the complexity of its mechanical properties. Purely based on the elasticity, viscosity or plasticity theory theory can not meet these materials processing requirements of the deformation process. So based on the nature of the complex mechanics of the research topic - rheological theory will be referred to the new human research subjects on the agenda. 1928, the United States set up the Evolution Society, 1940, the British set up the rheological Club (later renamed the Institute of Evolution). In addition, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, Japan and other countries have also set up a corresponding flow Institute. 1948 convening of the International Society of Rheology. In 1953 the establishment of the International Association of rheology. Since then one involving applied mathematics, physics, elasticity, the material mechanics, fluid mechanics, geology, engineering and other subjects on the verge of disciplines - have emerged rheology, and gradually has been extensively applied. Rheological not only in the rubber, plastics, coatings, printing, Portland, foodstuffs, and other industrial production has been extensively applied, but also to infrastructure, machinery, transport, irrigation, chemical industry and many other industrial sectors: involves many substances from solid to liquid processes. Rheology in the rubber industry. Widely used in the processing of rubber molding products research and application. Such as rubber mixing, rolling, extrusion, injection molding and other processes. Because of its macromolecular polymer chain structure and movement characteristics of the physical state gathered on showing a four kinds of physical state: a crystalline and non-crystalline 3 (glass state, high-elastic state, viscous flow state) . Rubber in normal circumstances is the use of high-elastic state. In the course of processing molding viscous flow state, in the vulcanized only basic treatment before losing mobility, and a high flexibility based elastomer material. because of the late 19th century and early 20th century, the theory of rubber exploration and the principles of the invention. Especially rheology and application of the theoretical study of the development of rubber industry makes, whether in the filler, vulcanization accelerator, or in the process principle aspects have undergone profound changes. On the development of the rubber industry in a qualitative change. At the same time, all kinds of rubber machinery also made great progress and development. At that time, not only the names many rubber machinery, and its structure, specifications, varieties, and so had been reached a certain level of the scale, fine, and the degree of automation and linkage. If rubber mechanical transmission power to hundreds of thousands of kilowatts stem watts, weight machines to a few hundred tons. Rubber products in the process of production plastic necklace, mixing, rolling, extrusion, molding, in the process of curing six have a complete matching of mechanical devices. Compound rubber machinery industry is one of the basic equipment. At present production machinery to open dozens of rubber mixing. Health glue used plastic necklace, plastic material mixing; pressed for the compression machine for plastic, heat-Lian compound mainly used for preheating and plastic; crusher for crushing such as natural rubber, remove plastic washing machine for Health and plastic waste compound impurities; mill mainly used for waste plastic block grinding; refining machine used to remove the hard plastic renewable impurities; reclaimed rubber mixing machine, mainly for the reclaimed rubber pinch Lian; breathing machine for plastic pressure breathing Film compression; crepe-pressure machine, mainly for crepe-compression; experimental rubber mixing machine, the main compound used in a small number of experiments, etc. . Calendered rubber, rubber products processing is in the process of one of the basic equipment. Since 1843 three-roll calendar application, we have 160 years of development history. From the modern to modern specifications and various new calendar will continue to emerge, its specifications, speed, Banzhipin high accuracy, a high degree of automation machinery, the machinery has become the modern calendar of the main structural features. At present production largest calendar has reached more than 1055 3000 mm, roller line speed of up to 120 m / min above, the semi-finished calendar has reached its thickness error within 0.0025 mm. And achieve full electronic control of the computer and automation level. Closed Compound (mixer), rubber and plastic mixing refining one of the main equipment. The development of modern mixer, a high-speed, high-pressure and high-performance characteristics, and is divided into low-speed (20 to the rotor speed / min), the velocity (speed of 30 to 40 / min) and high-speed (60 to speed / min) 3. In recent years also appear to speed in the 80 / mixer at high speed over armed. rubber extruder (screw extruder), the worlds first since 1879-screw extruder Since the birth of all kinds of screw extruder machinery in a large number of different varieties have been supporting complete specification has been adapted to different product performance characteristics of the request. If pressure extrusion machine, mainly for the shape of the semi-finished production; filter plastic extrusion machine for removing plastic mix and the Health and the impurity; Lian plastic extrusion machine for the continuous plastic glue Health Lian: granulation extruders for plastic compound and the Health and the granulation; compression extruder. To compound the pressure plate; desulfurization renewable plastic extruder for the desulfurization: extrusion dehydration Gechengjiao extruder for dehydration and regeneration plastic dry: Cable extruder for the cable coated molding; row Gas extruder. For mixing compound from the air and water and volatile compounds, such as low-molecular-weight. These specifications complete extrusion machinery, the development of the rubber industry and was credited. It has become the driving force of the rubber products processing and optimization of the equipment. Injection Molding Machine, also known as the Note Press, mainly for the production of rubber molded products. Note pressure machinery, its structure, is divided into horizontal injection press, vertical injection press, Kok injection machine and the Multi-Position Press Note 4. Press each note is divided into many different sizes of the specifications. Tire rubber industry is the largest number one product. Whether raw materials from the use of rubber and rubber products, output of rubber products which occupies the lions share of the market, consume about 80% of the volume of rubber resources. Therefore, the tire molding machinery is also important. Since the invention of pneumatic tire in 1888, with the development of the automobile industry, various specifications, the various properties of a large number of rubber tyres. A high-performance, high-quality car, if there is no corresponding performance and quality of the tire support is equivalent to scrap general. And the development of tire industry tire molding machinery participation is crucial. Tubeless tire or whether they would have to be certain to die molding machinery stereotypes. Forming particular tire, tire production is in the process of core processes, tire various parts of the assembly process, will soon cord, bead, wrapper, tread, and other components of processed into paste composition tire embryo . Therefore tire molding machinery determines to a large extent the performance and quality of tyres. As human socio-economic and cultural progress and development, a wide range of a large number of vehicles. Therefore various types and specifications of the tire also endless. Such as cars, buses, trucks, construction vehicles and other special vehicles and aircraft, which have their own dedicated tyre varieties and specifications. In recent years there has high strength and high wear resistance of the steel skeleton radial tire, making automobile tires, performance and the structure and quality to a new level.This constant tire molding machinery to put a higher demand. Tire molding machine many of the types, according to the method of forming: sleeve-law and two kinds of stickers; by shaping the contours of the drum: drum, semi-drum, and the core-wheeled four-wheel-core. In addition, all other uses of different shapes and rubber products, there is a basic molding process. Therefore a variety of rubber molding machines and even offers a dazzling. Only a wide variety of ring tens of thousands of species on the number. This shows that the rubber molding machinery industry is also very complicated and very important. Vulcanization machinery, a variety of rubber products of the final steps in the processing machinery, mainly for the various rubber products, plastic, rubber products, such as sulfide processing. The main structure of three kinds of forms: one is flat vulcanizer, and the autoclave (including pressure autoclave) and the drum machine sulfide. Flat-curing the use of broader, more variety. In addition to direct use of vulcanized rubber products processing, can also be used in the plastics industry thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic plastics processing repression. Because of their body structure and working principle is basically the same. Many of the types and forms. According to the purpose, has the vulcanized rubber model of flat products, with flat-curing machine, V-belt plate curing machine, sheet plate curing machine. Vulcanized rubber products tank is the first production application of curing equipment, mainly for the vulcanization of rubber products work. Can also be used to autoclave curing soles, adhesive tape and model products. Therefore, omnipotent said curing machine. Drum curing machine, belt and the V-belt two categories. Mainly used for curing surface shape and surface quality of the special requirements of thin strip of rubber products, such as tread rubber and plastic sheet printing and dyeing, such as the conduction band. If accompanied by the necessary accessories device can be used to transport sulfide zone, belts and other similar products vulcanized rubber processing. Drum Machine continuous vulcanization sulfide, easy assembly and the formation of automated production lines. Substantially reduce labor intensity and improve efficiency and product quality. For the development of rubber industry, mechanical and process technology research determines its speed and level of development determines the performance and quality of products. Generally speaking, industrial technology research and product cycle faster some frequency. Changes in technology and machinery cycle is slow, it decided to change the cycle of the life of the equipment, work efficiency and product quality. It is precisely because of machinery and equipment have a clear life, it makes a certain inertia of the operation. Thus to create a difficult change or do not need rapid changes in the direct experience. This is a reality for many people, the community and even some scientific research departments only attaches great importance to technology innovation and ignore changes in mechanical and technological advances and the development of one of the main reasons. The mindset of the people is to determine awareness of changes and developments. Any material production originated in the first production practice on the real social needs of the objective. For the rubber industry development, not only the normal process of production of rubber products. Mechanical technology and the increasing need in-depth study of technology and joint development of modern commodity market competitive situation also not tolerate such people Zaizuo wait-and-see or delay time, and in addition to the sustenance of mankind growing material and cultural wealth, the need for rapid development of the rubber industry, large piles of scrap rubber, people also need to face the urgent and effective treatment. This is not only a rubber resources conservation needs, but also the living environment of human security requirements. To solve the normal development of rubber industry and scrap rubber recycling use of resources, only mechanical technology and the joint development of technology to achieve their goals. Contemporary rubber industry development so that the waste rubber recycling of resources must take machines improvement and progress in the joint development of the road is the only correct way. And the improvement of machinery technology is the essence of mechanical work of the progress of chemical process technology is the core content of their joint development of the modern rubber industry is able to quickly and efficiently optimize and promote the development of intrinsic motivation. Of course also includes scientific management technology decision-making body elements. Machinery, physics, chemistry (or chemical), the four basic skills of a development of the human society science technology system, and science and technology system known as compulsory, and social management technology is soft science and technology system. Taken Flex become a more complete scientific and technological system. Rubber industry in the development of rubber industry and technology and scientific management technology industries with the economic structure of the industry is related to the development of rubber industry carrot and stick scientific measures. Mechanical Technology is a hard attribute technology, technology is a soft attributes, it is a carrot and stick form of the technology. Are in the mechanical technology of the technical attributes of both tangible and intangible. All of investigation and study, the work of design techniques are soft attributes that in the manufacturing of construction involves the technical attributes of hardware technology, the results of pre-main soft technology embodied in the design and construction drawings and manuals; after a hard stage technical achievements on various material on the output of products. This is a hard and soft technologies into the outcome of the objective process. Rubber industrial development, we must attach importance mechanical technology and the joint development of technology. Strengthening the role of rubber machinery technology, mechanical technology to the development and application, the whole social development is not only the production of the material and cultural needs, but also the harmonious development of the ecological environment of human needs, but also to be cherished rubber, Using and frugal behavior needs .机械技术在橡胶工业中的应用概述在人类社会发展的现代进程中橡胶工业也是一门不可缺少的经济产业。而在橡胶工业发展过程中，橡胶工艺及橡胶机械（或机电）技术的进步和发展起了重要的推动作用。橡胶工业的发展，橡胶工业技术及橡胶机械技术构成了橡胶制品的全部技术过程和产业技术体系。1820年英国制成了由人力驱动的单辊式炼胶机。1826年双辊筒式的开放式炼胶机投入生产，拉开了人类橡胶机械生产的序幕。至今，人类社会橡胶机械的应用已有180多年的历史了。 1839年以来一系列的橡胶机械设备陆续问世，除适应橡胶硫化技术应用的硫化设备外，其他橡胶机械,如柱塞式胶管挤出机（1858年）,螺杆挤出机（1879年），橡胶压延机（18431900年），密闭式炼胶机（1916年）。等橡胶机械设备。先后投入当时的橡胶工业生产过程，对推动橡胶工业的发展起了一定的促进作用。 1904年，氧化铅、氧化镁等无机硫化剂的发现，特别是1919年有机硫化促进剂D、M的发现和应用，进一步促进了生产效率的提高，大大改善了橡胶制品的使用性能，扩大了使用范围。1920年把炭黑加入橡胶中，才使得橡胶制品的性能得以全面改善和提高。因此，炭黑的应用又促进了橡胶工业进步和全面发展。20世纪初及中叶，苏联、美国、英国、德国、法国等国家，先后发明了合成橡胶工业技术。并建立了一系列橡胶合成生产装置及工厂。再加上东南亚地区的天然橡胶资源生产的规模化，为人类现代橡胶工业的全面发展开辟了物质资源基础。橡胶是一种高弹性的典型材料，其物理性能十分复杂。大多数橡胶的加工成型过程都有近似熔体的流动和变形过程，而且在橡胶产品的加工过程中，生胶要经过塑炼、混炼、压型、成型、硫化的工艺程序，才能成为产品。在现代化工产品中，诸如橡胶、塑料、油漆、纤维、润滑油、陶瓷等一类材料的生产及工程技术的应用，对其材料的复杂力学性质依据单纯的弹性力学、粘性理论或塑性理论都不能满足这些材料加工过程的形变要求。于是一种基于对复杂介质力学性质的研究课题流变学理论便提到了人类新学科研究的议事日程。1928年，美国成立了“流变学会”，1940年，英国成立了流变学俱乐部（后改为流变学会）。此外，荷兰、西德、法国、日本等国家也相应成立了流变学会。1948年召开了国际流变学会。1953年成立了国际流变协会。从此一门涉及到应用数学、物理学、弹性力学、材料力学、流体力学、地质学、工程学及其他学科的边缘学科流变学应运而生，并逐渐得到广泛应用。流变学不仅在橡胶、塑料、涂料、印刷、硅酸盐、食品等工业生产中得到广泛应用，还涉及到基本建设、机械、运输、水利、化学工业等众多工业部门：涉及到许多物质从固体到液体的变化过程。流变学在橡胶工业中。广泛应用于橡胶制品加工成型的研究和应用。如对橡胶的混炼、压延、挤出、注射成型等加工过程。高聚物由于它的大分子链状结构和运动特点，在物理聚集态上呈现出4种物理状态：即1个结晶态和3个非结晶态（玻璃态、高弹态、粘流态）。橡胶在正常使用情况下是高弹态而在加工成型过程中是粘流态，只有在硫化处理后才基本失去流动性，而变成以高弹性为主的弹性体材料。由于19世纪末和20世纪初，对橡胶工艺理论的原理探索和发明。特别是流变学理论的研究和应用使得橡胶工业的发展，无论是在填充剂、硫化促进剂方面，还是在工艺原理方面都发生了深刻变化。对橡胶工业的发展产生了一次质的变化。同时，各种橡胶机械也有了很大的进步和发展。当时的橡胶机械不仅名目众多，而且其结构、规格、品种等都巳达到一定水平的规模化、精细化、自动化和联动化程度。如有的橡胶机械传动功率达到数百干瓦至数千千瓦，机器重量达到几百吨。在橡胶制品生产过程的塑炼、混炼、压延、压出、成型、硫化六个工艺过程中都有了配套齐全的机械装置。炼胶机械是橡胶工业的基本设备之一。目前生产的开放式炼胶机械达数十种。主要用于生胶的塑炼，胶料的混炼；压片机用于压片、供胶；热炼机主要用于胶料预热和供胶；破碎机用于天然橡胶的破碎等，洗胶机用于除去生胶和废胶中的杂质；粉碎机主要用于废胶块的粉碎；精炼机主要用于除去再生胶中的硬杂质；再生胶混炼机，主要用于再生胶的捏炼；烟胶压片机用于烟胶片压片等；绉片压片机，主要用于绉片压片工作；实验用炼胶机，主要用于各种少量胶料的实验工作等。橡胶压延机，也是橡胶制品加工过程中的基本设备之一。自1843年三辊压延机应用以来，已有160多年的发展历史了。从近代到现代各种不同规格和新型的压延机不断涌现，其规格大、速度快、半制品精度高、机器自动化程度高，已成为现代压延机械的主要结构特征。目前生产的压延机最大规模已达到10553000毫米以上，辊筒线速度高达120米分以上，压延的半成品其厚度误差已达到0.0025毫米以内。并达到采用电子计算机和全程控制的自动化水平。密闭式炼胶机（简称密炼机），是橡胶的塑炼和混炼的主要设备之一。现代密炼机的发展，具有高速、高压和高效能的特点，并分为低速（转子转速为20转分）、中速（转速为3040转分）和高速（转速为60转分）3种。近年来还出现转速在80转分以上的高速密炼机械。橡胶挤出机（螺杆挤出机），自1879年世界第一台螺杆挤出机诞生以来，各种形式的螺杆挤出机械大量出现，不同规格品种已配套齐全，已适应不同产品性能特点的要求。如压型挤出机，主要用于各种断面形状的半成品生产；滤胶挤出机，用于除去混炼胶和生胶中的杂质；塑炼挤出机，用于生胶的连续塑炼：造粒挤出机，用于胶料和生胶的造粒；压片挤出机用于胶料的压片；脱硫挤出机用于再生胶的脱硫：挤压脱水挤出机用于合成胶和再生胶的脱水干燥：电缆挤出机，用于电缆的包覆成型；排气挤出机用于排出混入胶料中的空气和水分及低分子挥发物等。这些规格齐全的挤出机械，对橡胶工业的发展立下了汗马功劳。成为各种橡胶制品加工的动力和优选设备之一。注射成型机，又称为注压机，主要用于生产各种橡胶

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