外文翻译-基于旋转加速度微传感器的运动监测系统.docx

A Sport Activities Monitoring System based on Acceleration and Rotation Microelectromechanical Sensors(原文1)Abstract.Although.there.are.several.technological.tools.to.aid.sports.training,.most.of.them.are.high.cost.solutions.and.generally.very.specific.to.a.particular.sport,.which.hinders.the.diffusion.of.such.technologies.This.paper.presents.a.low-.cost.non-invasive.microcontroller.Sport.Activities.Monitoring.System.(SAMS).prototype,.which.is.based.on.acceleration.and.rotation.microelectromechanical.sensors.(MEMs).for.obtaining.biomechanical.data.during.the.athletes.training,.without.leaving.the.natural.environment.of.his.activities.The.sensors.signals.are.wirelessly.transmitted.from.the.SAMS.cess.the.data,.uitive.Virtual.Instrument.(VI).interface.developed.in.LabVIEW.This.VI.saves.and.displays.real-time.data.in.a.graphic.form.The.experimental.results.were.obtained.in.two.different.environments:.first.we.used.a.stationary.bike.and.then.we.tested.the.SAMS.fessional.cycle.track.The.system.allows.the.acceleration.acquisition.in.the.range.form.1,5.G.until.10.G.and.rotation.in.the.span.of.50.o/s.The.maximum.transmission.range.is.about.70.m.The.SAMS.has.a.small.size.(37x49x20.mm).and.lightweight.(40.g),.making.it.a.versatile.monitoring.system.to.aid.athletes.and.coaches.during.the.training,.allowing.refinements.on.the.technique.The.SAMS.cation.research.area.Keywords:.accelerometer,.gyroscope,.sport.monitoring,.virtual.instrumentation,.munication,.real.time.feedback.I. INTRODUCTIONCurrently.advances.on.microelectronics.and.MEMs.sen-.sors,.are.each.time.smaller,.with.low.power.consumption.and.affordable.prices.making.it.more.feasible.and.permitting.its.application.on.sports.Accelerometers,.gyroscopes,.micro-.phones.and.cameras.among.others,.lend.themselves.suitable.to.a.wide.range.of.sports.applications.1,.making.possible.to.obtain.biomechanical,.rmation.from.monitoring.the.athletes.performance.during.their.trainings.or.sport.practices.Nmunication.standards.like.Bluetooth.and.ZigbeeTM.,.working.sensors,.erfering.The.athletes.performance.depends.on.the.environment.where.he.or.she.is.being.monitored.2,.for.example:.laboratory,.inside/outside.training,.competition.or.playing.field.conditions.In.addition.to.that,.vided.in.an.appropriate.manner,.motor.skill.acquisition.improves.significantly.Consequently,.feedback.is.a.major.factor.in.the.improvements.of.sport.skill.performance.3.Furthermore,.systems.with.immediate.feedback.increase.the.athletes.motivation.II.HARDWARE.SYSTEM.PROTOTYPEFigure.1.shows.the.block.diagram.of.the.Sport.Activities.Monitoring.System.(SAMS).prototype,.which.is.divided.in.two.boards:.the.first.one,.has.the.acceleration.and.rotation.sensors,.a.microcontroller,.a.radiofrequency.module.and.a.battery.Ttotype.and.can.be.attached.to.the.athletes.body.The.second.board,.also.called.base.station.board,.was.adapted.from.a.USB-RogerCom.board.4,.and.incorporates.a.radiofrequency.module.Tputers.USB.port,.in.order.to.acquire.the.sensors.data.To.account.their.operation.range,.size,.energy.consumption,.number.of.axes,.type.of.output,.encapsulation.and.price,.keeping.this.in.mind,.the.accelerometers.MMA7260.and.MMA7261.from.FreescaleTM.and.the.gyroscopes.IDG-.300.and.IDG-1004.from.InvenSenseTM.were.chosen.With.regards.to.the.microcontroller,.we.selected.a.low.power,.eight.bit.MC9S08QE128.from.FreescaleTM.The.radiofrequency.module.Xbee/XbeePro.from.DigiTM.,.and.a.rechargeable.3,7.V.lithium.prismatic.battery.were.also.selected.Accelerometers:.The.MMA7260.(introduced.in.2005.by.FreescaleTM.5).and.the.MMA7261.6.are.MEMs.tri-axis.acceleration.sensors.with.selectable.sensitivity.(1,5/2/4/6.G),.low.current.consumption.(500.A),.sleep.mode.(3.A),.low.voltage.operation.(2,2.to.3,6.V).and.low.cost.(3,35.USD).Tportional.to.the.acceleration,.this.simply.means.that.the.output.offset.voltage.and.sensitivity.will.scale.linearly.with.applied.supply.voltage.Table.I.presents.the.typical.sensitivity.for.3,3.V.power.supply.voltage.and.Figure.2.shows.the.sensor.dynamic.acceleration.axis.Gyroscopes:.The.IDG-300.and.IDG-1004.e-.grated.dual-axis.angular.rate.sensors.(gyroscopes).Both.of.them.use.InvenSenseTM.prietary.and.patented.MEMS.technology.with.vertically.driven,.plete,.dual-axis.angular.rate.sensor.7.Tportional.to.the.angular.velocity.The.IDG-300.full.scale.range.is.500.o/s,.sensitivity.2.mV/./s,.low.voltage.operation.(3,0.to.3,3.V).and.low.cost.(30.USD).For.IDG-1004.8.the.main.difference.is.the.full.scale.range.50.o/s,.and.the.sensitivity.4.mV/.O/s.Figure.3.presents.the.rotation.axis.and.the.gyroscope.board.witch.is.going.to.be.part.of.the.SAMS,.allowing.to.obtain.the.yaw.rotation.Xbee/XbeePro.Modules:.Wmunication.between.the.mobile.board.and.the.base.station.board.was.achieved.with.the.Xbee/XbeePro.RF.modules.from.Digi.Troduced.in.the.market.in.2007,.and.were.designed.to.meet.the.IEEE.802.15.4.standard.(ZigBeeTM).The.modules.operate.within.the.ISM.(Indus-.trial,.Scientific.and.Medical).2.4.GHz.frequency.band,.pati-.ble.with.each.other.9.Figure.4.presents.the.Xbee/XbeePro.modules.To increase.the.possible.test.scenarios,.two.different.versions.of.the.SAMS.were.constructed.and.their.characteristics.are.presented.in.Table.II.IIISOFTWARE.SYATEM.PROTOTYPEThe.software.of.the.Sport.Activities.Monitoring.System.(SAMS).prototype,.was.divided.in.two.parts.The.first.one,.grammed.in.C.into.the.microcontroller,.cess.in.the.mobile.board,including:.data.acquisition,.cessing,.power.consumption,.and.data.transmission.The.second.part.of.the.software,.is.a.Virtual.Instrument.(VI).interface.developed.on.LabVIEW,.gramming.language.that.has.been.widely.adopted.throughout.industry,.academia,.and.research.labs.as.the.standard.for.data.acquisition.and.instrument.control.software.10.This.VI.allows.the.selec-.tion.of.the.sensors.which.are.going.to.be.use,.select.the.acceleration.range,.enable.preprocessing,.along.calibration,.cessing,.erface.The.SAMS.frontal.panel.is.presented.in.Figure.6.SAMS.calibration:.In.order.to.eliminate.the.offset.from.the.sensors,.cess.was.developed.T-.cess.measured.the.gravity.acceleration.by.each.one.of.the.accelerometer.axes.in.three.different.positions.by.aligning.the.normal.vector.of.the.sensor,.with.the.gravity.vector.in.every.position.and.keeping.the.other.axis.without.acceleration.For.the.calibration.task,.gram.guides.the.user.to.align.the.sensors.box.in.each.one.of.the.positions.as.shown.in.Figure.7.Finally,.after.the.calculations,.the.offset.value.for.every.axis.is.saved.in.a.file.and.read.by.the.SAMS.VI.during.the.startup.SAMS.fixation.and.orientations:.The.SAMS.was.encap-.sulated.and.adapted.with.a.fixation.system.to.let.it.be.easy.fasten.to.the.athlete.The.axis.and.rotation.coordinates.are.presented.in.Figure.8.IV.EXPERIMENTAL.RESULTSThe.experimental.results.were.obtained.in.two.different.environments:.first.we.use.a.stationary.bike.and.then.we.tested.the.SAMS.fessional.cycle.track.In.these.bike.test,.the.sensor.was.fixed.in.the.right.ankle.of.the.athlete.as.shown.in.Figure.9.Stationary.bike.test:.One.of.the.tests.with.the.stationary.bike,.was.the.Wingate.test.11.This.is.a.test.used.to.evaluate.the.maximum.power.and.anaerobic.capacity.The.Wingate.is.a.30.seconds.test,.during.it,.the.athlete.tries.to.pedal.as.many.times.against.a.fixed.resistance,.aiming.to.generate.as.much.power.as.possible.in.that.period.of.time.The.power.generated.during.the.30.seconds.is.called.the.average.power.and.a.power.peak.usually.occurs.within.the.first.5.seconds.of.the.test.Figure.10,.11,.12.and.13,.shows.the.acceleration.and.angular.velocity.for.each.axis.and.the.temperature,.respectively.In.the.field.tests.we.used.the.SAMS.II.prototype,.with.an.acceleration.range.of.10.G.and.rotation.span.of.50.?/s.Figure.14.presents.the.acceleration.A.and.rotation.Yaw.(V.).during.the.firsts.five.seconds.of.the.Wingate.test.In.this.time.window,.a.clear.view.of.the.signals.format.is.presented.with.a.maximum.acceleration.peak.of.98.m/s.in.the.X.ponent.Cycle.track.test:.In.the.cycle.track.test.the.SAMS.was.tested.in.a.real.sport.scenario,.with.a.maximum.wireless.transmission.range.about.70.m.One.of.the.tests.in.the.cycle.track.was.an.static.start.shown.in.Figure.15(a).Figures.16,.17.and.18,.show.the.acceleration.and.angular.velocity.for.each.axis,.respectively.The.temperature.acquired.by.the.SAMS.is.shown.in.Figure.15(b).V.CONCLUSIONS.AND.FUTURE.WORKSA.Conclusions*.Tcess.made.with.SAMS.was.success-.fully.implemented,.pare.measured.accelerations.in.magnitude.with.a.minimum.margin.of.error.*.The.SAMS.has.small.size.(37x49x20.mm).and.to.athletes.and.lightweight.(40.g).which.facilitates.its.use.in.sports.*.The.SAMS.permits.monitoring.sports.activities.in.a.real.sport.scenarios,.as.it.is.portable,.versatile,.and.a.low-.cost.system.*.The.incorporation.of.the.SAMS.munica-.tion,.added.mobility.without.limiting.the.natural.move-.ment.of.the.athlete,.with.a.maximum.wireless.range.of.the.70.m.*.Derface,.allows.an.instantaneous.feedback.coaches.during.training.*.From.the.tests.conducted.in.partnership.with.the.Biome-.chanics.Instruments.Laboratory.(LIB).at.UNICAMP,.it.became.clear.that.the.SAMS.prototype.is.a.versatile.alternative.to.aid.athletes.and.coaches.during.the.train-.ing,.allowing.techniques.refinement.The.SAMS.cation.research.area.*.Before.implementing.any.type.of.filtering,.obtained.“raw”data.must.be.analyze.together.with.the.Biome-.chanics.Instruments.Laboratory.(LIB).B.Future.works.Iwork.with.multiple.SAMS.systems,.making.it.possible.to.fix.the.SAMS.in.more.than.one.body.segment.and.perform.simultaneous.data.acquisition.The.system.will.also.be.tested.in.others.sports,.and.some.filtering,.cessing.will.be.added.VI.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe.authors.acknowledge:.CNPq.Brazil,.under.Universal.Project.no.481412/2008-5.for.the.financial.support,.prof.Dr.Sergio.Augusto.Cf.Dr.Luiz.Eduardo.Barreto.and.Fernanda.Lattes.from.the.Biomechanics.Instruments.Laboratory.(LIB).at.UNICAMP,.and.Mr.Inacio.Hercules.de.Souza.from.Giezfea.Yull.Heilordt.Henao.Roa.and.Fabiano.FruettDepartment.of.Semiconductors.Instruments.and.Photonics,.State.University.of.CampinasAv.Albert.Einstein,.Albert.Einstein,.400,.CEP.13083-970,.Campinas,.SP,.Brazil.Phone:.+55-19-35213880,.heilordtdsif.fee.unicamp.br.and.fabianodsif.fee.fee.unicamp.br基于旋转加速度微传感器的运动监测系统（译文1）摘要: 尽管在运动控制技术方面有很多工具,但大多数人都是高成本的,且也不利于一些特定运动的发展推广。 本文介绍了一种廉价的非侵入性的单片机运动监测系统(SAMS)原型,它是基于旋转加速度微传感器(MEMS)来获取运动员在训练时的生物力学数据的,且不受当前运动环境的影响。 SAMS系统里的数据信号通过无线传感器传递给计算机里的虚拟器处理,这是一款基于LabVIEW的简单直观的虚拟仪器。该虚拟器以图片格式显示保存数据。 实验结果显示在两种不同的环境:首先我们来测试健身自行车在特定轨迹下的运动监测情况。在这个系统里使采集的数据,加速度15G到10G,旋转跨度为50/s。最大传输距离为70m。SAMAS系统模块体积小(37*49*20mm)重量轻(40g), 是一个多功能的监测系统，能更好的帮助运动员和教练员对训练技术进行改进。SAMS系统也是适用于体育教育研究领域的工具。关键字:加速度计,陀螺仪,运动监测,虚拟机,无线通信,实时反馈。一.引言目前微电子和微机电系统(MEMs)传感器日益变小的体积、低功耗、实惠的价格,让它运用到运动上就更加可行了。加速度计，陀螺仪，麦克风和摄像机等的运用使其适用于更广泛的体育运动，并从监测中获得运动员在训练或体育运动时在生物力学,物理或其他可被认知的信息。像蓝牙,德州仪器公司这些新的无线通信标准, 因为在数据传输时不受移动干扰,可提供了一个可广泛用于医疗保健和体育的网络传感器平台2。运动员的性能依赖于他们被监测时的环境,例如:实验室、内/外部培训、竞赛场地条件。另外,据了解,当提供适当的反馈时,对运动技能有明显的提高。因此,反馈是提高运动能力的一个主要因素3。此外,即时反馈系统提高了运动员的动机。二.硬件系统原型图片1显示了运动监测系统(SAMS) 原型 的框图的两个板块.第一块,具有旋转加速度传感器、一个单片机,一个射频模块和电池。这是原型的移动部分,可以连接到运动员的身体上。第二块,也被称为基站板、由一个USB-RogerComrboard4 改编成,并纳入了射频模块。基站板直接连接到计算机的USB端口来获取传感器的数据.图片1 系统原型框图选择这个传感器原型时要将他们的经营范围、大小、能耗、坐标轴数量、输出类型、封装和价格,考虑在内,加速度计选择Freescale (飞思卡尔) 公司的MMA7261和MMA7260陀螺仪选择InvenSense公司的IDG-300和IDG-1004。关于单片机,我们选FreescaleTM公司低功率、8bit的MC9S08QE128。射频模块为DigiTM公司的Xbee / XbeePro,并选择充电电压3.7V的锂电池。加速计:MMA7260(FreescaleTM公司2005年引进5)和MMA72616是灵敏度在(1.5/4/2/4/6G)间的测量加速度传感器存储器,低电流功耗(500uA),休眠模式(3uA),工作低电压(2.23.6V),低成本(3.35美元). 输出电压和加速度成正比,这就是说输出偏置电压和灵敏度与输入电压成线性关系.表一列出了3.3 V的电源电压，图2显示了此时轴加速度传感器的动态灵敏度。表一 MMA7260QT和MMA7261QT灵敏度图2. MMA7260QT和MMA7261QT动态加速度轴。5IDG-300和IDG-1004是一个集成双轴角速度传感器(陀螺仪)。他们都使用InvenSense公司的微机电系统(MEMS)垂直驱动技术,振动模块实现了一个功能完整的双轴角速度传感器7.陀螺仪的输出电压与角速度成正比的。IDG-300测量偏航角速度的范围是500/ s,灵敏度2 mV / / s,工作低电压(3.03.3V)和低成本的(3.0美元)。与IDG-10048的主要区别是测量偏航角速度的范围是50/ s,和灵敏度 4 mV / / s.图3展示了在运动监测系统(SAMS)来获取偏航旋转的陀螺仪旋转轴和模板 (a) 转轴7 (b)陀螺仪模板图3. IDG-300和IDG-1004 陀螺仪旋转轴和模板Xbee / XbeePro模块:移动板与基站之间的无线通信是通过DIGI的XBee / XbeePro射频模块实现的。本模块是在2007年进入市场的，目的是为了满足（ZigBee）公司的IEEE 802.15.4标准。这些模块可在ISM（工业，科学和医疗）2.4 GHz频段，在物理引脚间相互发送和接收信号 9，图片4给出了的XBee / XbeePro模块图4 Digi的XBee / XbeePro模块图5展示了SAMS系统的移动和基站模块.为了增加可能的测试场景，我们构建了两个不同版本的SAMS系统，其特点如表二。(a)移动模块 (b)基站模块图5.SAMS系统的移动和基站模块表2 SAMS系统移动模块的技术参数三.软件系统模块运动监测系统(SAMS)的软件模块分为两个部分. 第一个,是 用C语言编程嵌入在单片机里的固件，这个在移动板里的固件控制着所有过程,包括：数据采集，随机处理，功耗和数据传输。 该软件的第二部分是，显示在LabVIEWr的虚拟仪器（VI）界面，这是一种图形化编程语言，已被整个工业界，学术界广泛采纳，并被研究实验室作为数据采集和仪器控制软件的标准10 .此VI允许传感器选择，选择加速度范围，预处理选择，沿标定，数据处理，保存和显示较直观的图形用户界面形式实时数据。图6给出了SAMS的正面板图6. SAMS虚拟仪器正面板SAMS校准: 为了消除来自传感器的偏移开发了一个校准程序。这个程序是通过加速度计轴以传感器为法向量在三个不同位置测量重力加速度,除了重力矢量其他在每个位置上都没有加速度。对于这个校准任务中,程序所要求传感器盒子放的每一个位置如图7。最后,通过计算,每