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摘要
机器人是近三十多年来迅速发展起来的应用技术。它集中了机械工程、电子工程、计算机工程,自动控制工程以及人工智能等多种学科的最新研究成果,代表了机电一体化的最高成就,是当代科学技术发展最活跃的领域之一,也是我国科技界跟踪国际高技术发展的重要方面。
本文主要介绍了工业机器人的概念,工业机器人的组成和分类,及国内外的发展状况的概况,工业机器人的自由度和坐标形式,气动技术的特点,PLC控制的特点。
本文对机械手进行了总体方案的设计,确定了机械手的四个自由度和圆柱坐标形式。同时,分别设计了机械手的夹钳式手部结构以及吸附式手部结构;设计了机械手的手腕结构,计算了手腕转动时所需的驱动力矩和回转气缸的驱动力矩;设计了机械手的手臂结构,包括手臂伸缩、升降以及回转气缸的设计。
设计了机械手的气动传动系统,绘制了机械手的气动系统工作原理图。利用了FX系列可编程序控制器(PLC)对机械手进行控制,选取合适的PLC型号,说明了电气控制系统的硬件部分设计, 控制软件部分设计以及手动和自动控制程序设计。
关键词:工业机器人,机械手,气动系统,可编程序控制器(PLC)
ABSTRACT
Robots are nearly thirty years of application technology developed rapidly. It focuses on the mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, engineering, and automatic control of artificial intelligence, the latest research results of the electromechanical integration represents the highest achievement is contemporary, the development of science and technology is one of the most active areas in China, and also high technology development track international technology is the important aspect.
This paper introduces the concept of industrial robots, composition and classification of industrial robots at home and abroad, and the development situation of the industrial robot, freedom and coordinates, pneumatic technology characteristics and PLC control characteristic.
Based on the overall scheme of the manipulator, determines the design of manipulator cylindrical coordinates with four degrees. At the same time, the design of manipulator respectively clamp type structure and adsorption structure, The design of the manipulator, the structure of the wrist of wrist curls driving torque and rotary cylinder driving moment, The design of manipulator arm structure, including arms and rotary cylinder and expansion of the design.
Design a robot manipulator, pneumatic system of pneumatic system principle diagram. Using the FX series programmable logic controller (PLC) of manipulator, proper control of PLC model, this paper discusses the hardware design of electric control system and the software structure and manual control procedures and automatic control program design.
Key words:industrial robot, manipulator, the pneumatic system, PLC
目 录
1 绪论------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 机械手的概述-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2 机械手的分类和组成----------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.3 机械手国内外研究现状-------------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.4 课题的来源、主要目的-------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2 机械手的总体设计---------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.1 机械手的坐标类型选定和自由度的选取----------------------------------------------------9
2.2 机械手的手部结构方案设计-------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.3 机械手的手腕结构方案设计-----------------------------------------------------------------10
2.4 机械手的手臂结构方案设计-----------------------------------------------------------------10
2.5 机械手的驱动方案设计-----------------------------------------------------------------------10
2.6 机械手的控制方案设计-----------------------------------------------------------------------10
2.7 机械手的设计参数-----------------------------------------------------------------------------10
3 机械手的机械系统设计--------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
3.1 机械手的运动概述-----------------------------------------------------------------------------12
3.2 机械手的运动过程分析-----------------------------------------------------------------------12
4 机械手的手部结构设计-------------------------------------------------------------14
4.1 手指的形状和分类-----------------------------------------------------------------------------14
4.2 设计时考虑的几个问题-----------------------------------------------------------------------14
4.3 手部夹紧气缸的设计--------------------------------------------------------------------------15
4.4 气压式吸盘的设计-----------------------------------------------------------------------------22
5 机械手的手腕结构设计-------------------------------------------------------------24
5.1 手腕的自由度----------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
5.2 手腕的驱动力矩的计算----------------------------------------------------------------------24
5.3 手腕驱动力矩的校核-------------------------------------------------------------------------28
5.4 缸筒壁厚的设计-------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
5.5 耗气量的计算----------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
5.6 气缸进排口的计算----------------------------------------------------------------------------29
5.7 缸筒与缸盖的连接形式设计----------------------------------------------------------------29
5.8 密封形式的选择-------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
5.9 轴和轴承的校核-------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
6 机械手的手臂结构设计-------------------------------------------------------------33
6.1 手臂伸缩的结构设计及校核-----------------------------------------------------------------33
6.2 手臂升降的结构设计及校核-----------------------------------------------------------------39
6.3 手臂回转的结构设计及校核-----------------------------------------------------------------44
7 气动传动系统设计-------------------------------------------------------------------48
7.1 气压传动系统的工作原理图-----------------------------------------------------------------48
8 机械手的PLC控制设计------------------------------------------------------------50
8.1 可编程序控制器的选择-----------------------------------------------------------------------50
8.2 可编程序控制器的工作过程-----------------------------------------------------------------50
8.3 机械手可编程序控制器控制方案-----------------------------------------------------------51
结论-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
参考文献-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------67
致谢-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68





