高考英语 阅读微技能训练 主旨大意(1).doc

阅读微技能训练3主旨大意(1)主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一， 旨在考查考生对锻炼大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占3-4个。设问特点：1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。常考问题：1). 中心思想类 the main point /idea of the passage is the passage is mainly about the passage mainly discusses the last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with? which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?2).标题类 which of the following is the best title of the passage? the best title for the passage would be 3).目的类 the authors main purpose in writing the passage is to the passage is meant to . in writing this passage, the author mainly intends to技巧点拨：1. 寻找主题句：抓住段落或文章主题的捷径之一就是在段落或文章中寻找主题句。主题句是指能表达或概况段落主题或文章主要内容的句子， 通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概况性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，而其他句子则围绕着主题句展开进行说明解释或扩展。主题句在文中的位置:1) 开门见山：提出主题-细节支撑阐明主题2) 段末点睛：细节描述-归纳要点-概括主题3) 段中点旨：细节描述-归纳主题-进一步解释4) 无主题句:考生需根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意 2. 捕捉关键词：略读是概括和归纳文章或段落大意的基本方法。略读时要快，把注意力集中在关键词（即实词）上，非关键词（即虚词）则一带而过。注意出现频率高的词可能是蕴涵中心思想的关键词，分析归纳筛选出最能表达主旨或这这意图的关键词，继而确定文章的主旨大意。3. 仔细推敲选项：干扰项的特点有： 1）“以偏概全”：选项范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，片面、单一的内容应排除，注意锁定选项中的重点词。 2）“主题扩大”：概括范围太宽，表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。这种选项可以反过来考虑，若以这个主题，这篇文章可以3）“断章取义”：根据某一句话或者某几句就断然指定段落的大意。技巧操练：例1：smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. besides the most serious and terrible diseases (illness) cancers, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. for example it can give on a “smokers cough”. finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer cancer, smoking is harmful. to think: 1. which sentence is the topic sentence? 2. which sentences are the supporting sentences? 3. which sentence is the concluding sentence? 例2：sometimes an animal has a plant partner. the relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. this is so in the corals of the sea. in their skins they have tiny plants which act as dustman, taking some of the waste products from the corals and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe. if the plants are killed, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, the corals will die.1. what does the paragraph mainly discuss? a. some animals and plants depend on each other for existence. b. some animals and plants develop their relationship easily. c. some plants depend on each other for food. d. some animals live better together.例3：alaskas ice water teems with fish. fishing industry is the leading industry. the value of products prepared every year for market is about $ 1000,000,000. this forms the important part of alaskas wealth. 2. the passage deals with_. a. geography of alaska b. fishing industry of alaska c. fish market of alaska d. alaskas wealth例4：driving a car is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance. it requires you to predict what other road users will do and get ready to react to something unexpected , when alcohol is consumed, it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant, damaging eyesight, judgment and co-ordination, slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents. even below the drink driving limit, driving will be affected. 3. the first paragraph is mainly about_. a. the introduction of driving skills b. the damage of drinking to your body c. the effect of drinking on driving d. the process of alcohol being absorbed例5：often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. on the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. and the man who knows everything may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. so, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance. 4.the main idea of this passage is that_. a. an innocent person looks more guilty than a professional criminal does b. the man who knows everything may really knows nothing c. we are foolish if we judge a person only by his appearance d. it is difficult to tell the guilty from the innocent. 例6：camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and, at it best, it makes little environmental influence. but with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness, it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively(不引人注目地) and leave no mark. wild camping is not permitted in many places, particularly in crowded lowland britain. wherever you are, find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces, and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. for example, it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of scotland, but in england you must ask the landowners permission, except in national parks. camping is about having relaxation, sleeping outdoors, experiencing bad weather, and making do without modern conveniences. a busy, fully-equipped campsite seems to go against this, so seek out smaller, more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. better still, find a campsite with no road access: walking in makes a real adventure. finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good nights sleep. choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environment. try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. when camping in woodland, avoid standing dead trees, which may fall on a windy night. avoid animal runs and caves, and possible homes of biting insects. make sure you have most protection on the windward side. if you make a fire, do so downwind of your shelter. always consider what influence you might have on the natural world. avoid damaging plants. a good campsite is found, not made-changing it should be unnecessary.5. the passage is mainly about_. a. the protection of campsites b. the importance of wild camping c. the human influence on campsites d. the dos and donts of wild camping 例7：magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. it took them more than two years to do so by ship. magellan was from portugal, but he sailed for the king of spain. on september 20, 1519, he left spain with five ships and 240 men. after passing the tip of south america, they reached the pacific ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. many of them died of hunger and diseases. they even had to live on sawdust. finally in april 1521, magellan got to the philippine islands, where he was killed. his men fled and continued their voyage across the indian ocean. it was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the cape of good hope. by the time they returned to spain on december 21, 1521, seven out of every eight men had died. magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. 6.which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? a. magellans death b. going around the world c. the world is round d. magellans voyage 例8：reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills. with their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to intermountain therapy animals (ita) in salt lake city. the group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of reading education assistance dogs (read). the salt lake city public library is sold on the idea. “literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said lisa myron, manager of the childrens department. last november the two groups started “ dog day afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. about 25 children attended each of the four saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. the program was so succes