2010年中山大学语言学概论C考研真题答案解析.docx

鸿知（厦门）教育科技有限公司 中山大学语言学概论C 2010年考研真题答案解析.音标题Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)1. advantageous dvnteds2. cushions kn3. paradigm prdam4. propagate prpget5. synonymy snnm6. kernel kn()l7. cohesion k()hi()n8. tagmemics tgmimks9. immobile mbal10. prefix prifksII. 填空题 Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels ha sits own principles of organization.2. The IPA chart has been revised and corrected several times and is widely used in dictionaries and textbooks through the world. The lattested version was revised in 1993 and updated in twice in 1996 and 2005.3. Folk etymology refers to the change of the form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular notion of 4. The development of modern linguistic science has helped push the study of syntax beyond the traditional sentence boundary. More linguists are now exploring the syntactic relation between sentences in the paragraph or chapter or the whole text, which leads to the emergence of text linguistics and discourse analysis.5. Predicate logic, also called propositional calculus, studies the internal structure of simple propositions. In this logical system, propositions like Socrates is a man will be analyzed into two parts: _argument_ and a predicate.6. Cognitive linguistics seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring inlanguage.7. when Hymes theory of communicative competence was introduced into the field as an antagonism to the traditional philosophy in language teaching, language teachers began to pay more attention to the question of how their students as active and successful language users in real language context.8. Levinson presents his three heuristics, which are derived from Conversational Implicature.9. The form thou in Early Modern English, the second person singular pronoun equivalent to the French form tu, was used to signal intimacy/respect.10. Computational linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language, includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and text processing and communication between people and compuetrs.11. Nunan（1983：3）suggests that a curriculum is concerned with making general statements about language learning, learning purpose, and experience, and the relationship between teachers and learners, whereas a syllabus is more localized and is based on the accounts and records of what actually happens at the classroom level as teachers and students apply a curriculum to their situation.12. Saussures ideas were developed along three lines: linguistics, sociology, and psychology.13. The Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of function.14. In SFG, Mental process express such mental phenomena as “perception”, reaction and cognition.15. Bloomfields language(1993) was once held as the model of scientific methodology and greatest work in linguistics on both sides of the Atlantic in the 20th century.III. 名词解释Define the following terms. (50 points)1. Macrolinguistics【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是宏观语言学的定义。心理学，社会学，人种学，法学和人工智能等等语言学有关联.宏观语言学的分支包括心理语言学，社会语言学，人类语言学，计算语言学等等。本题要求考生熟练掌握宏观语言学的定义，并简要介绍宏观语言学的分支。【答案解析】（1）基本定义：Macrolinguistics refers to the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, the science of law and artificial intelligence, etc. （2）宏观语言学的分支：Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, computational linguistics etc. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS investigates the interrelation of language and mind , in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example . SOCIOLINGUISTICS is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society , including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users . Anthropological Linguistics uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS is an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language.2. Cardinal vowels【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是Cardinal vowels基本元音的定义。本题要求考生回答出基本元音的定义即可。答题顺序是基本元音的提出，具体是根据什么定义的。【答案解析】In order to describe vowels, the concept of cardinal vowel is introduced. The cardinal vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The cardinal vowels are abstract concepts. If we imagine that for the production of the tongue is in a neutral position, the cardinal vowels are as remote as possible from this neutral position. They represent extreme points of a theoretical vowel space: extending the articulators beyond this space would involve friction or contact. The cardinal vowel diagram (or quadrilateral) in the IPA is therefore a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.3. three senses of“ word”【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是词的3个定义。本题要求考生熟练掌握词的3种定义，考生需根据书本的内容依次写出3种定义：1.词是形态上有界限的单位。2. 词既是一个普通术语也是一个专门术语。3. 词是一个语法单位。【答案解析】（1）A word is a physically definable unit word may be seen as a set of sound segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks. For example：Phonological: / ,fnldkl / Orthographic：It is wonderful. （2）A word as a general term and as a specific term When one is faced with a set of nouns, such as boy and boys, or a set of verbs, such as check, checks, checked, and checking, they are recognized as two words and four words respectively. So WORD may be used both as a general term and as specific items （3）A word is a grammatical unit The grammar of a language contains a set of layers, and word is one of them. These ranks are, from the lowest to the highest, morpheme, word, phrase/ word group, clause and clause complex; and all these ranks constitute a hierarchical scale. Word rank is located between Morpheme and Word Group. A word, in this sense, is then a grammatical unit, just like morpheme or clause complex.4. Recursiveness【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是Recursiveness递归性的含义的定义。考生应回答出递归性的基本定义，再举出例句解释。【答案解析】（1）基本定义：Recursiveness mainly means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within or be dominated by another constituent having the same category, but it can be used to any means to extend any constituent.RECURSIVENESS has become an umbrella term, under which may be brought together several important linguistic phenomena such as coordination and subordination, conjoining and embedding, hypotactic and paratactic. All these are means to extend sentences.Together with openness, recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. （2）例子：For example, “I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new”.5. Conceptual meaning【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是Conceptual meaning概念意义的定义。本题要求考生只需回答出其基本定义，再举例解释。【答案解析】（1）基本定义：This is the first type of meaning recognized by Leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. It is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. In other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. But Leech also uses “sense” as a briefer term for his conceptual meaning. As a result, Leechs conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference. （2）例子：The conceptual meaning of “tree” is that “Atreeis a tall plant that has a hard trunk, branches, and leaves”. The conceptual meaning of “butterfly”is that “Abutterflyis an insect with large colourful wings and a thin body”.6. Categorization【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是Categorization 范畴化的定义。本题要求考生先回答出基本定义，再回答分类及其简略定义。【答案解析】基本定义：CATEGORIZATION is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. Categorization is a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, and it allows us to relate present experiences to past ones. 分类：There are three levels in categories: the basic level, the superordinate level, and the subordinate level. Basic level category is the most economical level at which you can find the most relevant information. SUPERORDINATE categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level. Subordinate level is the level at which we perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories.7. Context of situation【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是Context of situation情景语的的定义。考生需要指出这是Firth的语境学说中提出的概念，再具体回答情景语境具体所指。【答案解析】Firth, a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London School, tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. In the end, he developed his own theory of CONTEXT OF SITUATION, which can be summarized as follows：A. The relevant features of the participants: persons, personalities:(i) The verbal action of the participants.(ii) The non-verbal action of the participants.B. The relevant objects.C. The effects of the verbal action.8. Constatives【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是Constative叙事句的定义。本题要求考生先回答基本定义，再举例解释。【答案解析】In contrast to performative, sentences like “I pour some liquid into the tube” is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking. The speaker cannot pour any liquid into a tube by simply uttering these words. He must accompany his words with the actual pouring. Otherwise one can accuse him of making a false statement. 9. I-narrator【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是的第一人称叙述者I-narrator定义。考生先回答出基本定义，可以结合自己阅读过的以第一人称写的作品，简略分析第一人称叙述者的作用。【答案解析】The person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event. In this case the critics call the narrator a FIRST-PERSON NARRATOR or I-NARRATOR because when the narrator refers to himself or herself in the story the first person pronoun I is used. First-person narrators are often said to be “limited” because they dont know all the facts or “unreliable” because they trick the reader by withholding information or telling untruths. This often happens in murder and mystery stories.例子：Jane Eyre10. systemic Grammar【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是的系统语法的基本定义。本题要求考生熟练掌握系统语法的基本定义。【答案解析】（1）Systemic grammar is one of the inseparable parts for an integral framework of Hallidays Systemic-Functional (SF) Grammar. Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. And this network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices. （2）The central component of a systemic grammar is a chart of the full set of choices available in constructing a sentence, with a specification of the relationships between choices. For example, Halliday suggests that one system of choices operating in English main clauses, transitivity, provides a choice between “intensive” and “extensive”. If the intensive option is chosen, a choice comes into play between “descriptive” and “effective”; if “effective” is chosen, there is a further opposition between “operative” and “receptive”.Systemic Grammar is concerned with establishing a network of systems of relationships, which accounts for all the semantically relevant choices in the language as a whole. On a very general level, the system of a language includes the Axis of Choice and the Axis of Chain.IV. 句子解释题 Explain the following statements with examples. (30 points)1. Our language can be used to talk about itself.【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是的语言的元功能，即是用语言谈论语言本身的功能。考生应解释语言元功能的基本定义，在解释元功能是如何解释语言本身，可适当地举出实例。【答案解析】（1）基本定义：Anymetalanguageis language or symbols used when language itself is being discussed or examined. Inlogic and linguistics, a metalanguage is a language used to make statements about statements in another language (the object language). Expressions in a metalanguage are often distinguished from those in an object language by the use of italics, quotation marks, or writing on a separate line.（2）例子：linguistic studies are examples of the use of metalanguage to talk about language, e.g. we can talk about the word “talk”, and ask questions like “What is language?”, “what are the characteristics of language?”2. Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentence.【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是Syntax句法。本题要求考生熟练掌握句法的相关知识，考生应先写出句法的基本定义，再结合定义来解释题干，可以重点解释句法是如何from correct English sentence，以及句法是如何帮助人understand correct English sentence 在解释过程中，考生应举出几个例句佐证自己的看法。【答案解析】（1）基本定义Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.（2）例子：Syntax helps people better form and understand correct English sentence.Syntax can use tree diagram to better reveal the hierarchical immediate constituent structure of a grammatical unit (i.e. phrase or sentence).例子： sentence(The boy ate the apple.) NP (The boy) VP (ate the apple)Det N V NP Det NThe boy ate the apple 3. The meaning of a sentence is obviously related to the meaning of the wors used in it. But it is also obvious that the former is not simply the sum total of the latter.【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是Sentence meaning句子的意义相关知识点。本题题干指出句子的意义和句子中的单词有关，但不仅仅是单词意义的组合，那是因为句子还有句法帮助理解句子的意义。【答案解析】An integrated theory 综合理论（1）概要：The integrated theory which was advanced by J. Katz and his associates. It is a theory of linguistic description. It is constructed under the principle of compositionality and the framework of transformational grammar. The principle of compositionality is that the meaning of a sentence depends on the the meaning of the constituent words and the way they are combined.（2）基本内容：The basic idea of the integrated theory is that a semantic theory consists of two parts: a dictionary and a set of projection rules.词典dictionary：The dictionary provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words. 词的语法分类grammatical classification：The grammatical classification is more detailed than the traditional parts of speech. For example, hit is not just a verb, but a transitive verb, written as Vtr; ball is not just a noun, but a concrete noun, written as Nc.语法标记/句法标记grammatical markers/syntactic markers：Terms like Vtr and Nc are called grammatical markers, or syntactic markers. 语义信息semantic information：The semantic information is further divided into two sub-types: the information which has to do with the more systematic part, or is of a more general nature, is shown by semantic markers, such as (Male), (Female), (Human), (Animal). The information which is more idiosyncratic, word-specific, is shown by distinguishers. For example, the word “bachelor” has the following distinguishers:a. who has never marriedb. young knight serving under the standard of another knightc. who has the first or lowest academic degreed. young fur seal when without a mate during the breeding time投射规则projection rules：The projection rules are responsible for combining the meanings of words together. （3）用综合理论分析一个句子的实例：In Chomskys theory a sentence like “The man hits the colorful ball” will have a syntactic description as followsThe semantic description of this sentence, Katz and his associates suggest, is built on this basis. That is, they will first combine the meanings of colorful and ball, then those of the and colorful ball, and hits and the colorful ball, and so on. This effectively provides a solution to the integration of syntax and semantics. V. 问答题 Answer the following questions with examples where necessary. (45 points)1. What is psycholinguistics?【考察知识点+解题思路】本题要求考生熟练掌握心理语言学的定义，分支，发展历史等相关知识点。本题是问答题，考生在时间允许的情况下，尽量把自己知道的知识点都写上。【答案解析】（1）基本定义：Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. （2）心理语言学的六个研究领域：As an interdisciplinary academic field based on psychology and linguistics, psycholinguistics investigates the six following subjects: language acquisition, language comprehension, language production, language disorders, language and thought, and cognitive architecture of language, The most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production.1) Acquisition: how does a child acquire the language skills (first language acquisition) and how are they extended to other languages (second/foreign language acquisition)? 2) Comprehension: how is the acoustic or visual signal linguistically interpreted by the hearer or reader? 3) Production: how is the information that somebody wants to convey transformed into acoustic waves, or written characters? 4) Disorders: what causes the occurrence of transient or more permanent disturbances of the speech and language processing systems? 5) Language and thought: what role does human language play in thinking? And what differences do different languages make to how we think? 6) Neurocognition: how is the cognitive architecture of l