非谓语动词.docx

非谓语动词一、解题步骤1. 分析句子结构，确定设空处在句子中充当的成分（如状语、定语、表语或宾语补 足语）；2. 找准设空处的非谓语动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）；3. 收索句中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式；4. 将该选项置入设空处，看能否做到字从意顺。二、非谓语动词的句法功能 成分形式主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词分词三、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1. 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice等词的宾语补足语有四种形式，如： (1) see+宾语+do 看见做了 (2) see+宾语+doing 看见正在做 (3) see+宾语+being done 看见正在被做 (4) see+宾语+done 看见被做I heard her sing an English song just now. 我刚刚听她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天我从她房间经过时，听到她正在唱英文歌。I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌。Id like to see the plan carried out. 我想看这个计划被执行。2. 使役动词let后加复合宾语时，有两种情况： (1)let + 宾语 + do 让做 (2)let + 宾语 + be done 让被做Dont let your child play with matches. 别让你的孩子玩火柴。Let the work be done immediately. 工作要马上去做。3. 使役动词have后加复合宾语，有三种情况： (1)have sth done 使/让某事由别人去做（叫/使某人做某事） I will have my bike repaired tomorrow. 我明天得请人修一下我的自行车。 此外，have sth done还表示“使遭受/经历”的意思，如： Tom had his leg broken while playing football. 汤姆踢球的时候，伤了腿。 (2)have sb/ sth doing 使/让某人/物一直做某事 The boss had his employees working all night long. 老板让他的员工一整个晚上都在工作。 (3)have sb do sth 叫/让某人做某事 My mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.4. 使役动词get后加复合宾语，有三种情况 (1)get sth done 使/让某事由别人去做（叫/使某人做某事）= have sth done 另外，get sth done也有“使遭受/经历”的意思。 I cant get the work done by anybody. 我找不到人来干这项工作。 He got his nose broken playing basketball. 他踢足球时把鼻子碰坏了。 (2)get sb/ sth doing 使/让某人/物一直做某事= have sb/ sth doing Can you get the clock going again? 你能让这个钟再走吗？ (3)get sb to do sth叫/让某人做某事 You should get your friend to help you. 你应该让朋友帮助你。5. leave后面跟复合宾语，有三种常见的情况： (1)leave sth done 使/让处于某种状态 He will never leave a job unfinished. 他干什么事从来没有干不完的。 (2)leave sb doing sth 使/让处于某种状态 Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain. 不要让她在外面雨中等待。 (3)leave sb to do sth 让某人去做某事/ 把工作(任务)交给某人 We left him to paint the gate. 我们让他去油漆大门。6. make后面跟复合宾语，常见的情况如下： (1)make sb do sth (主动语态必须省略to，被动语态to必须还原) 促使某人做某事/ 迫使某人做某事，如： If you wont do it willingly, Ill make you do it. 你如果不愿意做那件事，我会强迫 你去做。 The workers were made to work 12 hours a day. 工人被迫每天工作12小时。 (2)make sb/ sth done 使处于某种状态 This made them interested in English novels. 这使得他们对英语小说感兴趣。 You should make your view known. 你应该让大家知道你的观点。 He couldnt make himself heard. 他无法让别人听到他说的话。7. find后面跟复合宾语时，常见情况如下： (1)find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事 We found him waiting to receive us. 我们发现他正等着接待我们。 (2)find sth done 发现处于状态 He found the door closed. 他发现门锁了。 (3)find sb/ sth to be 发现是 I found this to be true in all cities I visited. 在我所有访问过的城市，我发现情况都是如此。 Here he found the patient to be a small boy of nine years of age. 在这儿，他发现这个病人是一个九岁的小男孩。8. 下列动词及动词词组后接不定式作宾语补足语，即“动词/动词词组+sb+to do”: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, remind, require, teach, tell, want, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on等，如： The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. 医生警告他不要吃太多肉。9. 在下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语，它们是：sb be said/ believed/ known/ reported/ considered/ found/ thought+ to do。如： He is said to have gone abroad. 据说，他出国了。 He is thought _(invent) the first telephone in the world. Allen is said _(design) a new computer program recently, but I dont know when she will finish it. 四、分词、不定式作定语的区别1. 不定式作定语通常用于以下几种情况： (1)不定式表将来。如： The car to be bought is for his sister. 要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。 (2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为主动 关系。如： He was the best man to do the job. 他是做这份工作的最佳人选。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女性。 (3)不定式通常用来修饰抽象名词，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等。如： I have no chance to go sightseeing. 我没有机会外出光观。 注意：如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，不定式后面需加上相应的介词，但是当不定式修饰的是time, place或way时，不定式后面的介词可以省略掉，如： The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。 He had no money and no place to live (in). 他没有钱，也没有住的地方。2. 现在分词作定语： (1)作定语的及物动词现在分词形式为：v-ing和being +过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用v-ing; 当被修饰的名词与分词是被动关系且表示正在进行时，用being+过去分词。 I have never seen a more moving movie. 我从未看过更感人的电影。(主动，表特征) The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。(被动，正在进行) 注意：现在分词的完成时形式不能作定语。 (2)作定语的不及物动词现在分词形式为：v-ing，表示正在进行，如： boiling water沸腾的水；falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子3. 过去分词作定语： (1)作定语的及物动词的过去分词形式为：过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词表示被动且完成时，用过去分词。如： Things lost never come again! (被动、完成、表状态) (2)作定语的不及物动词的过去分词形式为：过去分词，只表示完成，不表被动。 boiled water 烧开过的水 fallen leaves 已经飘落的叶子4. 不定式to be done形式、过去分词和现在分词being done形式作定语的区别： to be done表示被动、将来；过去分词表示被动完成；being done表示被动和正在进行，如： Have you read the novel written by Dickens? 你读过狄更斯的小说吗？ Listen! The song being sung is very popular with young people. 听！现在正在唱的这首歌在年轻人中很受欢迎。 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 明天会议上将要讨论的问题非常重要。 五、分词、不定式作状语的区别(1)不定式作状语可以表目的、结果、条件、原因。 To save the child, he laid down his life. 他为了抢救那个儿童而献出了自己的生命。（表目的） He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. 他匆忙赶到了车站结果却发现火车已经出站了。（表结果） To look at him, you would like him. 看看他，你会喜欢他的。(表条件，不定式表条件时，一般置于句首，否定不定式表条件多位于句尾，这时句子的谓语动词常含有will, shall, would, should, can, must等情态动词) One would be careless not to see the mistake. 发现不了这个错误就太粗心了。（表条件） Im sorry to hear about your failure in business. 听说你事业失败我很遗憾。（在表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后不定式表原因）(2)分词作状语的情况形式意义 v-ing 与句子的主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句子谓语同时发生或基本上同时发生。having+过去分词与句子的主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词发生。过去分词与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系being+过去分词与句子的主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且与句子谓语同时发生。having+been+过去分词与句子的主语为逻辑上的被动关系，先于谓语动词发生。Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai. 听到这个消息，他们立即出发到上海去了。（they和hear是主动的关系，且hear与set off几乎同时发生）Seen from the mountain, the city looks like a boat. 从山上看，这座城市像一艘船。（the city和see是被动的关系）Having written an important letter, I listen to the music for a while.写完一封重要的信后，我听了一会音乐。（I 和write是主动关系，write这个动作发生在listen to之前）Having been written in haste, the essay was not worth reading. 这篇文章是匆匆忙忙写的，不值得一读。（the essay与writes是被动的关系，且write发生在不值得读之前）(3)分词作状语的句法功能：分词作状语，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随等。如：She trembled a little doing so. 他这样做的时候稍稍颤抖了一下。（表时间）Printed white, the house looks bigger. 漆成白色后，房子看起来大了些。（表时间）The doctor, not wanting to make the patient nervous, did not explain the seriousness of his illness. 医生怕使病人紧张，没有说明病情的严重性。（表原因）Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word. 她惊呆了，一句话也说不出。（表原因）The output of steel increased by 15% last year, reaching 20,000 tons. 钢的产量去年增长了15%，达到了2万吨。（表结果）Given another chance, Ill do it much better. 如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。（表条件）Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage. 向右转弯，你就可以找到一条通向他的别墅的小路。Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car. 他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够钱买车。（表让步）Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight. 虽然受伤，那勇敢的战士仍然继续作战。（表让步）She stood at the window watching the sunset. 他站在窗前看日出。（表伴随）He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards. 他快步走向大厅，身后跟着两个卫兵。（表伴随）高考链接1. _ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art. A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded 2.【北京卷】Volunteering gives you a chance _ lives, including your own. A. change B. changing C. changed D. to change 3.【北京卷】_ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level. A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found 4. When we saw the road _ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked 5. _ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known 6.【福建卷】Anyone, once _ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government. A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test 7.【湖南卷】The sun began to rise in the sky, _ the mountain in golden light. A. bathed B. bathing C. to have bathed D. have bathed 8.【湖南卷】You cannot accept an opinion _ to you unless it is based on facts. A. offering B. to offer C. having offered D. offered 9.【湖南卷】_ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. A. Staying B. Stayed C. To stay D. Stay 10.【江苏卷】Lionel Messithe _ record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe. A. set B. setting C. to set D. having set 11.【江苏卷】Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _to ruins, the city took on a new look. A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced 12. If _ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once. A. asked B. to ask C. asking D. having asked 13. I got to the office earlier that day, _the 7:30 train from Paddington. A. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught 14.【山东卷】The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner. A. standing B. to stand C. stands D. stood 15.【山东卷】I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired. A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken 16.【山东卷】_ at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating 17. The witnesses _ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned18.【四川卷】_ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not 19【四川卷】The airport _ next year will help promote tourism in this area. A. being completed B. to be completed C. completed D. having been completed20 In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words _ in daily conversations. A. using B. to use C. having used D. used 21. They might just have a place _ on the writing course