英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题.pdf

1 英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题 8B Unit 1 Past and present Grammar 现在完成时 一 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态 但它的影响现在还存在 也可表示 持续到现在的动作或状态 其构成 have has 过去分词 规则变化的过去分词与过去式的 变化一样 在动词词尾加 ed 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表 需要同学记忆 现以 see the film 为例将现在完成时的肯定句 否定句和疑问句列表如下 肯定句 I You We They have seen the film He She It has seen the film 否定句 I You We They have not haven t seen the film He She It has not hasn t seen the film 疑问句 Have I you they seen the film Yes you we I they have No you we I they haven t Has he she it seen the film Yes he she it has No he she it hasn t 二 用法 现在完成时既涉及过去 又联系现在 用法一 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动 作对现在造成的影响或结果 常与 just 刚刚 already 已经 never 从来没有 ever 曾经 before 以前 yet 仍然 once 一次 twice 两次 many times 很 多次 how many times 多少次 so far 迄今为止 during the past last three years 最近三年来 等连用 副词的位置 just 常用于肯定句中 放在 have has 后 He has just come never 表示否定 放在 have has 后 He has never visited the Great Wall ever 用于疑问句中 句型为 Have Has 主语 ever 过去分词 曾经 过吗 用于询问某人过去的经历 Have you ever been to the farm before 用于句末 The woman has never heard of that before yet 用于句末或 not 之后 Has the train arrived yet No not yet already 用于肯定句 have has 之后或句末 We have already finished it so far 用于句首或句末 So far we have visited the moon 用法二 表示过去已经开始 一直延续到现在的动作或状态 时间状语有 for 表示一段时间的词语 I have taught English for 19 years since 表示过去时间点的词语 He has been at this school since 1986 since 表示过去的时间状语从句 I have lived here since I was born since 一段时间 ago I have known him since 20 years ago 三 现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语 for since how long all one s life 连 用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词 即延续性动词 如 be have know live 2 work study learn teach keep speak talk draw wait wear walk sleep drive write do clean 等 I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years How long has he lived here 四 延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括 现在 在内的 到说话时仍未结束 表示一段时间的 状语连用 如 this morning today this week these days He has been to Beijing three times this year He has written two letters this morning 说话时间在上午 He wrote two letters this morning 说话时间在下午或晚上 英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续 只是一瞬间 就结束的动作 这类动词叫做 非延续性动词 常见的有 come go arrive reach see hear close open leave begin start lose buy fall join die get up become borrow lend find finish receive 等 这些动词可用于现在完成时 说明某个动作的结 果还存在 但不能和表示一段时间的状语 how long for since 连用 He has come back He has come back for two hours 但在否定句中 非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰 如 I haven t heard from my father for a long time We haven t seen him since 1999 六 当终止性动词 非延续性动词 与表示一段时间的状语 how long since for all one s life 相矛盾时 改正错句的方法有如下几种 1 用副词 ago 把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时 He has come back for two weeks 错 改为 He came back two weeks ago 正 I have lost my bike for ten days 错 改为 I lost my bike ten days ago 正 2 用 It is has been 时间 since 一般过去时态 句型来改写 He has joined the League for 3 years 错 It is 3 years since he joined the League I have bought the book for 5 days 错 It is 5 days since I bought the book 正 He has died for 20 years 错 It is 20 years since he died 正 3 用 时间 has passed since 一般过去时态 句型来改写 He has left home for 20 years 改为 Twenty years has passed since he left home He has lost his pen for 2 days 改为 Two days has passed since he lost his pen 4 用系表结构来改写 He has died for 20 years 改为 He has been dead for 20 years The factory has opened since 1999 改为 The factory has been open since 1999 How long has he left 改为 How long has he been away 5 用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词 He has bought the book for two weeks 改为 He has had the book for two weeks 常见的相应转换形式如下 borrow lend keep buy have finish end be over arrive come go move reach get to be in at be here be there 3 begin start be on open be open close be closed die be dead leave be away from go to school be in school be a student get up be up fall asleep be asleep fall ill be ill get to know know lose be lost become be return come back get back be back join be in be a member join the army be in the army be a soldier receive get a letter have a letter catch get a cold have a cold begin to study study 他参军已有三年 He has joined the army for three years 错 改为 He has been in the army for three years since three years ago He has been a soldier for three years since three years ago He joined the army three years ago It is three years since he joined the army Three years has passed since he joined the army 1 He came to our village two years ago He our village since two years ago 2 He left home three days ago He home for 3 days 3 I bought the watch 2 weeks ago I the watch since 2 weeks ago 4 It is 5 days since I borrowed the book I the book for 5 days 5 The film has begun The film for half an hour 6 I got to know him 10 years ago I him for 10 years 7 There is a factory There a factory for 20 years 8 Our school opened in 1960 Our school since 1960 七 现在完成时中应注意的几个问题 1 have been to 和 have gone to 的区别 have been to 强调 去过 现已不在那里 如 He has been to the USA three times 他到美国去过三次 过去 到美国 现在已 不在美国 have gone to 主要强调的是 去了 现在人不在说话的现场 如 Where s your mother 你妈妈在哪 4 She has gone to the hospital 她去医院了 2 have been to 和 have been in 的区别 have been to 强调人 已回到原地 后面可接表示 次数 的状语 eg She has been to Shanghai only once How many times has he been there He s been there many times have been in 表示某人 已在某地停留一段时间 现仍在那里 其后常带表示一段时间的状 语 eg They have been at the bus stop for half an hour 他们在车站呆了半小时 现在 仍然在车站 We have been in Xi an for two weeks 我们在西安呆了两个多星期 现仍在西安 How long have they been in China 他们在中国呆了多长时间了 仍在中国 八 如何通过与一般过去时做比较 进一步掌握现在完成时 一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去 但意义却不同 1 一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态 和现在不发生关系 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响 强调的是现在 如 I learned ten English songs 说明过去学过 现在是否记得 不是本句的内容 I have learnt ten English songs learn 发生在过去 但强调我现在懂英语歌曲 I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago 只说明 擦 和其发生的时间 I have cleaned the blackboard 说明现在黑板是干净的 The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard 黑板上现在有单词 The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard 黑板上现在没有单词 2 一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用 如 yesterday last year three days ago just now 等 现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用 其时间状语可以是 since for just ever never before already yet so far all one s life 等 八 规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同 即在原形后加 ed d 已学近 80 个不规则动 词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同 分类如下 利于记忆 1 原形中的元音字母有变化 get got got sit sat sat win won won spit spat spat shine shone shone find found found hold held held meet met met stand stood stood understand understood understood feed fed fed hang hung hung 2 原形中的辅音字母有变化 make made made spill spilt spilt have has had had build built built send sent sent lend lent lent spend spent spent 3 在原形后加 t 或 d 5 spoil spoilt spoilt learn learnt learnt mean meant meant hear heard heard pay paid paid say said said lose lost lost lay laid laid 4 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化 feel felt felt smell smelt smelt spell spelt spelt keep kept kept sleep slept slept sweep swept swept leave left left sell sold sold tell told told catch caught caught teach taught taught buy bought bought bring brought brought think thought thought wear wore worn 5 与原形相同 hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt let let let put put put read read read set set set shut shut shut cost cost cost cut cut cut 还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同 为便于记忆 也分类如下 1 原形中的元音字母有变化 ring rang rung sing sang sung drink drank drunk swim swam swum begin began begun sink sank sunk 2 在原形上加 en eat ate eaten fall fell fallen ride rode ridden write wrote written be was were been rise rose risen forget forgot forgotten 3 在原形上加 n see saw seen give gave given drive drove driven take took taken mistake mistook mistaken draw drew drawn blow blew blown grow grew grown know knew known show showed shown throw threw thrown 4 在过去式上加 n steal stole stolen break broken broken choose chose chosen speak spoke spoken wake woke woken 6 与原行相同 come came come run ran run become became become 7 原形 过去式和过去分词都不相同的 do did done go went gone fly flew flown lie lay lain 个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词 一个为规则变化 另一个为不规则变化 learn learned learned shined shined smell smelled smelled learnt learnt shine shone shone smelt smelt wake waked waked spelled spelled 6 woke woken spell spelt spelt 典型例题 1 Oh Mrs King your necklace looks nice Is it new No I it for two years A had B have had C bought D have bought 2 His grandfather for over two years A has died B has been dead C has dead D died 3 Uncle Li can speak English very well because he England for 5 years A has gone to B has been to C has come to D has been in 4 Where is Mr Zhang He London A has been to B has been C has gone D has gone to 5 to the United States No never but I went to Canada a few years ago A Have you been B Have you gone C Did you go D Will you go 6 I haven t seen you last Friday A for B since C from D on 7 John you the computer game for two hours It s bad for your eyes Stop please OK Mum A played B have played C were playing D play 8 I won t go to the concert because I my ticket A lost B don t lose C have lost D will lost Exercise Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense 1 It rain for a week 2 I don t know this woman I meet never her 3 Let s go to the cinema No I see already the film 4 We finish not our homework yet Will you wait a minute 5 John come not yet He will be back in a minute 6 Mr Green often goes to America In fact he be there ten times 7 Where s John He just go to the teachers office 8 She study English since she was ten She begin to study English when she was ten 9 Jim isn t here He go to the library He go there an hour ago 10 He travel never on a train in her life 7 11 I buy the bike two weeks ago I have this bike since the beginning of this month I have it for two weeks 12 Great changes take place in those villages in the last ten years Great changes take place also in my home town in the last ten years 13 How many times you phone me these days you phone me this morning 14 Tom can t get into the room because he lost the key to the door 15 I look for the dictionary but I find not it yet 16 the new programmes start yet No they plan still 18 We live in Shanghai from 1989 to 1999 We live for 10 years 19 They can t go with us They finish not the work yet 20 You change not your mind haven t you 21 We must pay for the library book if we lost it 22 He has already finished his homework 改为否定句 He finished his homework 23 I hear your father be to Japan once Yes He go there last year 24 When you buy the book I have it for two weeks 25 Such a thing happen never in the village before 现在完成时态 1have has done 请注意与一般过去式的区别 1 I have already worked out this math problem 改为否定句 I worked out the math problem 2 He has already finished the book 改一般疑问句并做肯定否定回答 he the book Yes he No he 3 I have a book 改一般疑问句并做肯定和否定回答 you a book Yes I No I 4 I have got a book 改一般疑问句并做肯定和否定回答 you a book Yes I No I 5 He has got a book 改一般疑问句并做肯定和否定回答 he a book yes he No he 6 You have done your homework you 改为反意疑问句 7 He has never been abroad he 改为反意疑问句 8 We have got little milk we 改为反意疑问句 9 Jim has got a pen Lucy has got a pen too 改为同义 句 Jim has got a pen Lucy 10 I think you never hear such a thing 11 you know where your sister has go 8 12 I think you be all right soon 13 If you lose a book you pay for it 14 I tell you about the accident as soon as I finish the work 15 you read the book yet 16 Tom just find his cat 17 He not see the film yet So he see it this evening 18 I have my lunch already 19 You find your lost book Yes I find it hours ago 20 You needn t tell him about it I already him about it tell 21 Have you ever be to Tibet Yes I when you there go Three weeks ago 22 Jim you write a letter to your aunt yes I I write it just now 23 Have you return the ladder yet No not I return it soon 24 I 有 the book Harry Potter 25 So far I not get a letter from him 26 Until now she already write three books 27 In the past few years we build a lot of buildings 28 In two or three years the city become the most beautiful one in China 29 This is the first time I visit the Great Wall 30 We already know each other before 31 We get to know each other three years ago 32 They just get in touch with each other 33 They get i