高三英语 基础知识必备 专题三 连词.doc

连词一、连词的用法定语从句命题规律 定语从句是高考的热点，对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。定语从句基本考点：（1）关系代词引导的定语从句who，whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，其中whom只能作宾语。which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语。（2）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。需要特别注意：a. 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。b. 先行词为occasions，当“时机”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。the way后面的定语从句的关系词。在定语从句中，the way是一个比较特殊的先行词，当它在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。（3）“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句 “介词关系代词”中的关系代词只有whom(指人)，which(指物) 和whose三个。 “复合介词短语关系代词”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 “ofwhich/whom”表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose) 需要特别注意：该考点考查的重点在于“用不用介词”和“用什么介词”。因此在答题时我们必须注意解题思路。可采用“先行词还原法”将先行词还原到从句中来确定正确的介词，具体做法是：a. 把先行词放在从句中，从句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。b. 注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。（4）as和which引导的定语从句 as引导的限制性定语从句关系代词as，which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：a. as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。b. 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。注意此时与名词性从句的互换。c. as意为“正如”，后面的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report，announce等；which意为“这一点”。（5）定语从句中的主谓一致关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句的动词通常用复数，但当one前有the, the only, the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。名词性从句命题规律名词性从句是高考的热点，对于名词性从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句的基本用法，了解同位语从句的基本用法。要求考生在复习备考中应该掌握名词性从句的基本用法；一些易混引导词的辨析；句子的语序、否定前移；名词性从句和定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。名词性从句基本考点：（1）名词性从句的连接词连接词that，whether和ifi. 这三个连词在句中只起连接作用，不作句子成分，that本身无意义，有时可省略，whether和if本身有意义，均不能省略。that和whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if引导名词性从句时只能引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句。ii. whether与if的用法比较二者均可作“是否”讲，都可以引导名词性从句，引导宾语从句时可以互换。在下列情况下，常用whether，不用if：a. whether引导从句可以放于句首。b. whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句，if不可。c. whether可以作介词宾语，if则不可。d. whether后可以加不定式，if不可。e. 可以用whether.or引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不论”，if则不可。连接代词引导名词性从句的连接代词有：who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever，whichever，whoever。连接代词在句中既起连接作用，同时又充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。连接副词引导名词性从句的连接副词有：when，where，how，why。连接副词在句中既是连接词，又作状语。（2）主语从句主语从句在复合句中充当主语，大多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省；what引导的主语从句表示“的东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用it作形式主语。i. it系动词形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)that从句ii. itbe名词(短语)(a pity，a shame，good news，a fact，an honour，a wonder，no wonder等)that从句iii. itbe过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，wellknown，announced等)that从句iv. it特殊动词(seem，appear，happen，matter)that从句注意：a. 在“it is necessary，important，strange，naturalthat从句”结构中，从句常用“(should)动词原形”形式。b. 在“itbesuggested，advised，ordered，requested，insisted，requiredthat从句”结构中，that从句应用“(should)动词原形”。（3）宾语从句在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句可分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。动词的宾语从句i. 大多数动词(hope，tell，say，know，think，consider，imagine，hear，expect，suppose，guess等)可以带宾语从句。注意：在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词引导的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式，这一现象称为否定前移。ii. 动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。iii. 有些动词带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(词组)有hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，see to等。一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导宾语从句。注意：a. where引导的从句有时也可用作介词的宾语。b. that引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少有的，只有在except，in，but等介词后偶尔可能用到。sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容词后也可带宾语从句。（4）表语从句在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。共分三类：主句的主语是idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名词时，表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，即“(should)动词原形”的形式。主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不用why或because。because，as if，as though，as，like等连接词也可引导表语从句。（5）同位语从句同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句。能接同位语从句的名词有：belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。同位语从句一般用that引导，但也可以用连接代词(what，which，who)、连接副词(when，where，why，how)或whether引导。有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的某个名词后，而是被别的词隔开。（6）名词性从句的几个难点that通常不可省略的四种情况：i. 引导主语从句，that置于句首时不可省略。ii. 当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。iii. 在由it作形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句中，that也不可省略。iv. 引导表语从句和同位语从句时，that也不可省略。what与that的区别：what在从句中充当一定成分并且具有特定含义“的人(地方、东西)等”；that只起引导作用，在主语从句中不充当任何成分并且也没有含义。状语从句命题规律考纲要求在复习状语从句中掌握如下几点：1.全面掌握状语从句的九大类别；2.根据历年高考试题，对状语从句的考点要进行全面的归纳，在九大类别中的考查热点中，重点把握在引导时间、地点、条件、让步、比较、原因状语从句的连词运用上；3.熟练运用出现频率较高让步状语从句和原因状语从句；4.做好易混词的辨析如：as， when， while等，时间状语从句因为连接词容易出现在一些常用结构里也经常出现；5. 掌握状语从句中的时态、语态、语气、省略；6.与其它从句、句型结合起来分析、辨析。状语从句基本考点：（1）时间状语从句 when 引导时间状语从句，意为“当时”，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。 while引导时间状语从句，意为“与同时，在期间”，从句常用延续性动词或状态动词。 as引导时间状语从句，意为“正当；一边一边；随着”等意思，表示两个动作同时发生。 as soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，the minute，the instant，no sooner.than.，hardly/scarcely.when.和once这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一就”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。注意：no sooner.than.，hardly/scarcely.when.的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。before/sincea. 表示“还未就；不到就；才；还没来得及就”。b. it will be一段时间before.“多久之后才”。c. since的常用句型：it is (has been) /was一段时间since(从句用一般过去时/过去完成时) until/till主句为肯定句时，谓语用延续性动词；主句为否定句时，谓语用非延续性动词。（2）地点状语从句 通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。 地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。 where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别。where引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词，而在定语从句中where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面。（3）条件状语从句 通常由if“如果”， unless“如果不；除非”，as (so) long as“只要”，in case (that) “结果，万一”，once“一旦”，when“既然”等连词引导。由on condition (that)，provided (that)，providing (that) “倘若；假使”， supposing (that)，in case“如果”等引导的条件状语从句。（4）让步状语从句 让步状语从句可由although，though，as，while，even if (though)，whatever (wherever，whoever.)，whether.or.，no matter who (when，what.) 等引导。 while作“尽管”讲，引导让步状语从句时，往往放在句首。（5）原因状语从句和方式状语从句 原因状语从句通常由because，since，as，now that，seeing (that)，considering that等引导。 方式状语从句用来表示主句谓语动作发生的方式，常由as“像一样”， as if (though) “似乎，好像”等引导。（6）目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的连词主要有in order that，so that，for fear that “害怕，担心发生某事”， in case “以防”等。从句中常用may，might，can，could，should等情态动词。特殊句式命题规律从近几年高考试题来看，特殊句式主要考查倒装句、省略句和强调句的用法。特殊句式比较杂乱，掌握起来有一定的难度。其中倒装句是高考的热点，强调句是高考的难点。同时，祈使句与陈述句的区别、省略与替代的合理运用也是高考考查的重点项目。近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象，如在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句，把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起，考查考生综合把握语言知识的能力。特殊句式基本考点：（1）倒装句 完全倒装a. 表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，off，out，in the room，on the wall等置于句首时，句子用完全倒装。b. 表语位于句首时，其倒装结构为“表语连系动词主语”。 部分倒装a. only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。b. 否定副词never，nor，not，hardly，little，seldom，scarcely，rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，by no means，on no condition等置于句首时。c. 当so/neither/nor位于句首时，可将其后的部分谓语置于主语之前，构成部分倒装。d. hardly.when.，no sooner.than.，not only.but also.等连接两个句子且hardly，no sooner，not only位于句首时，前一个句子用部分倒装，后一个句子不倒装。e. 在so.that.和such.that.句式中，如果so或such引导的部分位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语需要部分倒装。f. as/though引导让步状语从句时，可将表语、状语或谓语动词提前，构成倒装。句式为：表语、状语或动词原形as/though主语其他。(though引导的从句也可用正常语序) （2）强调句型 强调句的基本句型是“it is/was被强调的部分that/who其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。 强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is/was提前；特殊疑问句的结构是“疑问词is/wasitthat从句”。 如果原句中含有“not.until”，在强调时间状语时，将主句中的否定词not连同状语一起提前。 do/does/did强调句型：do/does/did只能对谓语进行强调，且只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句中。（3）省略在when，while，whenever，till，as soon as，if，unless，as if，though，as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略。im afraid，i think，i believe，i hope，i guess等作答句，后面跟so与not分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。注意：用来代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid/glad/happy，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，want，wish等的后边，但be动词后有助动词be 和 have时，be 和 have不能省略。并列连词命题规律中学阶段常考的并列连词有and，but，or，while，when等。从近几年高考试题来看，并列连词主要考查并列句的用法。这里and，but和or这三个词考查的几率较高。并列连词连接的是两个完整的句子，解题关键要看两个句子之间的关系。基本考点（1）顺接关系用and。（2）转折关系用but。（3）选择关系用or。【例1】 he was very tired fromdoing this for a whole day, _he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher.【解析】but 句中very happy与very tired是转折关系，两句间是逗号且没有连词，故填连词but。【例2】so nick called to his son, “go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much _ too little.”【解析】nor 并列连词“neithernor”表示“既不也不”。【例3】in the days when an ice cream cost much less, tom, an 8-year-old boy, entered a hotel coffee shop _ sat at a table.【解析】and 句中entered a hotel coffee shop和sat at a table是主语发出的两个并列的动作。【例4】cursing my misfortune, i was wondering where i was going to spend the night when i realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to _ should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house.【例6】the new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered _ the boy would do.【解析】what 引导宾语从句并在从句中作do的宾语。【例7】jane paused in front of a counter _ some attractive ties were on display.【解析】where 句子+句子，中间必填连接词；后句修饰前句，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。【例8】 he filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder _ had been his teacher.【解析】who/that 代替an elder，引导定语从句并在从句中做主语。【例9】behind him were other people to _ he was trying to talk, but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed.【解析】whom 还原talk to sb.可知，用whom引导定语从句。【例10】we understand this lesson best _ we receive gifts of love from children.【解析】when 引导时间状语从句，表示“当时”。【例11】my friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _ the bus arrived.【解析】until/till 表示“一直到”。【例12】_ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.二、连词在高考中的考查形式专题预测3连词【近2年新课标全国卷高考统计分析】年份没有提示词(纯空格)有提示词冠词代词连接词介词动词词类转换比较等级从句并列谓语非谓语2015（新课标全国i）0110122212015（新课标全国ii）1010113302014（新课标全国i）1011012312014（新课标全国ii）010112320【近3年高考试题剖析】1.（2015全国卷）as 69._(nature) architects, the pueblo indians figured out exactly 70._thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.【解析】69. natural结合空格后面的architects可知此处要用形容词作定语修饰后面的名词，因此填natural。 70. how根据空格后面的thick是一个形容词，因此填how，引导宾语从句，作figured out 的宾语。2.（2015全国卷）id skipped nearby guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the li river 64._are pictured by artists in so many chinese 65._(painting). 3.（2014新课标全国卷）maybe you have a habit _67_ is driving your family crazy. 【解析】67. that/which也许你有一个使你的家人发疯的习惯。这里habit是先行词，which或that引导的是定语从句，并且在从句中作主语，不能省略。4.(2014广东卷第16题) that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week, _19_ for the week after.【答案】19.but【解析】考查并列连词。notbut表示“不是而是”(2014广东卷第20题) i didnt understand _20_ this would happen and【答案】20.why【解析】考查宾语从句连接词。“我”不明白为什么会发生这样的事情。5.(2014广东卷第24题) the next day, my brother and i went to the beach _24_ we watched some people play volleyball.【答案】24.where【解析】考查定语从句连接词。the beach是先行词，其后是定语从句，where在定语从句中作地点状语。6.(2013广东卷第17题) so nick called to his son，“go to the village and buy some salt，but pay a fair price for it: neither too much _17_ too little.”【答案】17.nor 【解析】考查连词。neithernor为固定搭配。“a fair price”就应该是钱既不能太多，也不能太少。7.(2013广东卷第20题)nicks guests, _20_ had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.【答案】20.who【解析】考查定语从句连接词。代替指人的先行词，引导一个非限制性定语从句，故用who。8.(2012广东卷第20题) _20_ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.9.(2012广东卷第22题) of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at mary, _22_ made her feel like a star.【答案】22.which【解析】考查定语从句连接词。引导一个非限制性定语从句作主语，代替前面的整个句子，所以用which。10.(2012广东卷第24题) and all the other students wondered _24_ the boy would do.【答案】24. what【解析】考查名词性从句连接词。引导一个宾语从句，在从句中作谓语动词do的宾语，所以用what。 【2016高考模拟预测训练】1. then they had to know 45 stories could be told without words, using only gestures and expressions.【答案】45. how【解析】考查连接词。由结构可知此处是宾语从句，从句中是“主谓宾”结构，缺少状语，再根据从句的内容stories could be told without words, using only gestures and expressions.可以判断此处强调方式，指如何去做到这一点，答填how。2. it presents a scene 49 the survivors of the wreck on a raft littered with bodies try to signal to a distant ship.【答案】49. where【解析】考查定语从句连接词。分析结构可知名词后面the survivors of the wreck on a raft littered with bodies try to signal to a distant ship.是定语从句，从句缺少状语，而先行词scene是抽象名词，表地点，故答案填where。3. some people thought the artist meant to criticize the french king, 52 had been involved in appointing the ships captain.【答案】52. who【解析】考查定语从句连接词。从结构可知此处是非限制性定语从句，从句缺少主语，而先行词是the french king ，所以填who。4、 the radio seemed to be the most precious thing 45 he had.【答案】45that。【解析】考查学生根据上下文语境正确使用关系代词的能力，先行词由最高级修饰，用that引导定语从句，作宾语。5、it took rescuers another two hours to discover nancy_48_ helicopter lowered a doctor, _49_ attached nancy to a life-support lift【答案】49. who【解析】a doctor做先行词，所以后面应是who引导的非限制性定语从句。故填who。6they raised her into the helicopter and took her to the school gym, _50_ the red cross had set up an emergency shelter【答案】50. where【解析】the school gym 做先行词，表示地点，根据句意可知此处因该是where引导的非限制性定语从句，故填where。7. he was upright, loyal and highly respected. _ 45_, he was dismissed from office.8. the people of chu _48_ mourned qus death threw rice into the river to feed his ghost _49_ year on the day of his death.【答案】48. who【解析】_48_mourned qus death 是定语修饰前面的人people，所以用关系词who。9. i was looking for the homeless guy, _46_ usually sat in front of our local supermarket, _47_(pet) his dog on an old blanket.【答案】46. who【解析】考查定语从句连接词。本句考查定语从句关系词的选择。先行词为上文的the homeless guy，所需关系词既要代指上文的先行词同时又要在从句中担当主语，故填who。10_49_ we had never spoken before, i decided to believe 50 him, and i was not disappointed.三、2016届连词模拟试题演练1.阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个词）或括号内单词的正确形式，并把答案写在答题卡上的相应位置。 【宁夏银川市第二中学2016届高三上学期统练（一）】louis invited his friends to lunch one day. he was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. suddenly, he 61 (find) that he had run out of salt. so louis called to his son, “go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much 62 too little.”his son looked surprised. “i can understand why i shouldnt pay too much, father, but if i can pay less, 63 not save a bit of money?”“that would be a very 64 (reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” louis said. louiss guests, 65 had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy sale more cheaply if they could. louis replied, “the only reason why a man would sell sale 66 a lower price would be that he was desperate for money. and anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect for the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce 67 .”“but such a small thing couldnt 68 (possible) destroy a village.”“in the beginning, there was only 69 very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always 70 (think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.”【答案】61.【小题1】found 62.【小题2】nor63.【小题3】why 64.【小题4】reasonable65.【小题5】who66.【小题6】at67.【小题7】it 68.【小题8】possibly69.【小题9】a70.【小题10】thinking【解析】68.【小题8】possibly 副词修饰动词，possible可能的（形容词），possibly很可能地（副词），故填possibly。69.【小题9】a 固定搭配：a very small amount of一个非常小的数量，故填a。70.【小题10】thinking 此处考查现在分词作伴随状语，句意：每个人添加一点，认为这很小并不重要，就会导致今天的结果。故填thinking。考点：考查语法填空【知识归纳】以e结尾的形容词变成副词时，有的直接加ly ;有的把e去掉再加ly.possible-possibly； simple-simply; gentle-gently; terrible-terribly; true-truly; flexible-flexiblyimmediate- immediately; brave-bravely; wise-wisely；active-actively【知识拓展】reason理由（名词），reasonable合情合理的（形容词）1. reason （1）the reason for sth. /doing sth.为某事或做某事的理由。the reason for his being late他迟到的理由（2）reason理由（名词），在句中做主语，后面的表语从句用that引导。the reason was that he had little education.理由是他受教育少。（3）reason理由（名词），作先行词，在定语从句中作原因状语时用why引导定语从句，比如：the reason why he was late for class was that his mother was ill.他上课迟到的理由是她的妈妈病了。reason理由（名词），作先行词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语时用that/which,比如：the reason that/which she gave me was that she had got up late.他给我的理由是他起床晚了。2. reasonable合情合理的（形容词），连系动词后面作表语。what he said sounded reasonable.他说的话是合情合理的。2.阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。【黑龙江省大庆铁人中学2016届高三第一阶段考试】 t