定从一讲义.doc

定从（一）（一）概念解析：放在名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.有人要和你讲话。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 关系代词的用法（替代、连接、充当成分）关系词要注意两点：1）它的人称、数和意思完全等同于先行词，2）关系词在定语从句中做一定的句子成分。例句 1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男生们是一班的。解析：whoboys , 在定语从句中做主语，所以其后谓语用are。例句 2) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩子喜欢的运动。解析：which=game, 在定语从句中做主语。分类：定语从句分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，区分它们有两个标准：1）从内容上看，限制性定语从句与它所修饰的先行词关系紧密，不可去掉，去掉后意思就不完整了；非限制性定语从句只对先行词起补充说明的作用，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。2）从形式上看，限制性定语从句与先行词之间没有逗号隔开，而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。请看例句：1. The girl who is wearing a blue necklace is Mary.(限制性)The girl, who is also a student, is planting trees in the field.(非限制性)解析：第一句中的who is wearing a blue necklace是限制性定语从句，没有逗号，不那去掉，否则意思不完整。（2） 关系代词的具体用法六个关系代词是：that/which/ who/ whom/ whose/ as ， 注意关系代词在定语从句中做主宾表定语。例句 1) This is the mountain village _I visited last year. 这就是我去年参观的那个山村。例句 2）The man(that/whom / who ) you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人是我的朋友。例句 3）This magazine belongs to the teacher _teaches us history. 这本杂志是我们历史老师的。例句 4）He is the boy _often goes to school late. 他就是那个经常上学迟到的男生。Whose也是一个关系代词，在定语从句中做定语，表示人与人、人与物或物与物之间的所属关系，特别要注意，物与物之间的关系也用whose。例句 1)Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the country? 解析：the book是先行词，whose=the books, 在定语从句中做定语。例句 2) Pass me the book whose cover is red. 析：anyone是先行词，whose=anyones，在定语从句中做定语。 which用在逗号后，意表前句你要know;例句1）He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。解析：which是关系代词，指代前面的一句话：他似乎没抓住我的意思。例句2）Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 that用法真有趣， 两个地方它不去；逗号后边它不去， 介词之后不考虑；That做为关系代词，不可用在非限制性定语从句中，即不可用在逗号后边；定语从句中介词之后也不可使用。在逗号或介词后，指物时用which,指人时用who或whom。例句1）They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that解析：在介词of之后指物，选择C which。例句 2）The engineer with _my father works is about 50 years old. A. whose B.who C.which D.whom 解析：选择 D whom。介词后指人。例句 3）The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 解析：选择 D who。逗号后指人，在定语从句中做主语。 （三）关系代词的特殊用法 That which代表物，区别听我来叙述；1.先行若是不定代，that就把which 踹；当先行词为anything，everything，nothing，all，any，much，many，one等不定代词时，只能使用“that”, 不用 “which”。例：Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能给你做点什么吗？ 2.先行词前有两数， 就用that定无误；当先行词是基数词或序数词修饰时，只能使用“that”，不用 “which”。例句： That is the second time that I have been to Japan. 那是我去日本的第二次。3.先行词前最高级， 还用that必无疑；例句：This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.这是我度过的最美好的时光。 4.先行主中做表语， 避免重复从句里；例句：1）This is not the hospital that it used to be. 这已经不再是以前那座医院了。 2）Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.汤姆森先生已经不再是以前的他了。解析：定语从句的先行词均在主句中做表语。5.先行词前有Just 、the only、 very 、same 、last等词，关系代词用that，不用which。例句：1) The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears. 北极是唯一能见到北极熊的地方。2）This is the same bike that he lost. 这就是他丢了的那辆自行车。（是他自己的） 注意区分： 3) This is the same bike as he lost. 这辆自行车和他丢的那辆一样。（但不是他自己的）指人可用that who, 以下情况多用who; Those、 people做先行，There be的结构中；例句：1) Those who are for the plan, please raise your hands. 2) People who create computer viruses are called hackers. 制造电脑病毒的人被称为黑客。 3) There was once a little boy who came to the net bar to play games every night. 曾经有一个小男孩每天晚上都来网吧玩游戏。 曾经有一个小男孩每天晚上都来网吧玩游戏。 先行指人不定代，从中做主who要在；先行词是指人的不定代词，如 one 、someone 、anyone 、nobody 等词，或指人的关系代词在定语从句中做主语，要用who, 而不用that。例句：1）Nobody who knows a little scientific knowledge will believe you.懂得一点科学知识的人都不会相信你的话。2）The thief who pretended to be a manager was caught stealing a car. 那个装扮成经理的贼在偷车时被当场抓获。 解析：who指人，在定语从句中做主语。as的用法As/which在句末，若有否定as错；The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expected. A. when B. that C. which D. what 【简析】答案是C。由于非限定性定语从句是否定结构，只能用which引导，不能用as来替代which。句首只能用as,还有认知猜想词；置于句首时，非限定性定语从句只能用as引导。例如： As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 众所周知，月亮每月绕地球一周。与表示认知猜想的词，如know, expect, see, report连用时，要用as。1）As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 我们知道，吸烟对健康有害。2）As is expected, his daughter entered a key university. 正如人们所期望的那样，他的女儿考入了一所重点大学。固定结构用as, the same /such/so/as; 1） 在the same as.结构中。意思是 “像一样的”。 例如：l This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。（相似，不是一个）2）在as.as结构中，意思是“像那样的”。例如： No period in history has had as many important changes _ have taken place i